In the years 1870–1914, out of 199 presidents (Lviv, Caracow) and mayors of 30 larger Galician cities, at least 19 were former January insurgents. In 1863, the younger ones took an active part in the fight, while the older ones acted in the power structures, as everyone supported the uprising in a way that was accessible to them. Under their rule, the cities developed the legal basis for functioning and began the process of modernization. They held important political  unctions at the country and state level, they were socially active and they were successful in their professional lives. Their courage, commitment to serving the public and resourcefulness in action were appreciated by the society, which expressed its gratitude in various forms (occasional appearances, manifest funerals, patronage of streets, monuments). Merits, however, did not protect against criticism, which was mostly of the character flaws, and less often of mistakes in the actions taken.