Visitors’ perception of crowding. A case study from the Tatra Mountains
cytuj
pobierz pliki
RIS BIB ENDNOTEWybierz format
RIS BIB ENDNOTEData publikacji: 02.2024
Prace Geograficzne, 2023, Zeszyt 172, s. 127 - 145
https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.23.018.19205Autorzy
Visitors’ perception of crowding. A case study from the Tatra Mountains
Protected areas (PAs) serve as significant tourist destinations, drawing a substantial number of visitors annually. Over the past century, managers and scientists overseeing PAs have sought to identify indicators that specify the maximum number of tourists that could visit a particular area without making a large impact on the environment. As a result, the carrying capacity theory was created, which now evolved into the concept called Limits of Acceptable Changes (LAC). This concept is based on the expected conditions that should be met in a protected area in both ecological and social aspects. This study aims to assess the tolerable level of congestion in a cable car destination situated in the Tatra Mountains and, in addition, to obtain information on the factors that affected the differences in visitors’ perception of crowding. Data used in the analysis were collected as part of two research projects: focused on the Kasprowy Wierch area (Poland) and the Skalnaté Pleso area (Slovakia). To gain information on the perception of crowding by visitors, on-site surveys were conducted during the summer season of 2014 and 2015 at both sites. The research results show that the acceptance of crowding decreases with the increasing number of visitors in research areas and it is affected by the type of research area. The analysis also reveals that the acceptance of crowding is also dependent on socio-demographic and social factors such as the level of educational attainment of the respondents, the type of trip or the size of the group.
Balon J., Jodłowski M., 2014, Regionalizacja fizycznogeograficzna Karpat Zachodnich – studium metodologiczne, [in:] W. Ziaja, M. Jodłowski (eds.), Struktura środowiska przyrodniczego a fizjonomia krajobrazu, IGiGP UJ, Kraków, 85–106.
Buckley R.C., 2010, Conservation tourism, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK, Cambridge, MA.
Bohuš I., 2003, Vysoké Tatry: rozprávanie o názvoch a o prvých výstupoch na tatranské vrcholy, I&B, Tatrzańska Łomnica.
Chlipała B., Hibner J., 2013, Kolejka na Kasprowy Wierch w oczach turystów, [in:] G. Janicki (ed.), Ogólnopolska konferencja naukowa Wykorzystanie badań geograficznych w zarządzaniu środowiskiem i planowaniu przestrzennym. Lublin 28–29.11. 2013, Conference materials, UMCS, Lublin 62–64.
Cole D.N., 2004, Carrying capacity and visitor management: Facts, values, and the role of science, [in:] D. Harmon, B.M. Kilgore, G.E. Vietzke (eds.), Protecting our diverse heritage: The role of parks, protected areas, and cultural sites. Proceedings of the 2003 George Wright Society/National Park Service Joint Conference, The George Wright Society, Hancock, 43–46.
Czochański J.T., Szydarowski W., 2000, Diagnoza stanu i zróżnicowanie przestrzennoczasowe użytkowania szlaków turystycznych w Tatrzańskim Parku Narodowym, [in:] J.T. Czochański, T. Borowiak (eds.), Z badań geograficznych w Tatrach Polskich, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, Gdańsk, 207–228.
Eagles P.F.J., McCool S.F., Haynes C.D.A., 2002, Sustainable tourism in protected areas: Guidelines for planning and management, IUCN, Gland Switzerland, Cambridge UK.
Emphandhu D., Nasa M., 2010, Psychological carrying capacity of snorkelling activity at Mo Koh Chang National Park, [in:] M. Goossen, B. Elands, R. van Marwijk (eds.), Recreation, tourism and nature in a changing world. The Fifth International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas, Conference materials, Alterra, Wageningen, 308–310.
Fang C-P., Hsu Y-C., 2006, Sequence effect on satisfaction regarding perceived crowding: Whitewater rafters in Taiwan, [in:] D. Siegrist, C. Clivaz, M. Hunziker, S. Iten (eds.), Exploring the nature of management. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas, University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil, Rapperswil, 363–364.
Garrigós S., Narangajavana Y., Palacios Marqués D., 2004, Carrying capacity in the tourism industry: a case study of Hengistbury Head, Tourism Management, 25, 275–283.
Graja-Zwolińska S., 2009, Rola wskaźnika chłonności turystycznej w kształtowaniu przestrzeni turystycznej parków narodowych, Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej, 11, 4 (23), 187–192.
Hausser Y., Travis T., Finger-Stich A., 2006, Beyond carrying capacity in recreation management:In search of alternatives, [in:] D. Siegrist, C. Clivaz, M. Hunziker, S. Iten (eds.), Exploring the nature of management. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas, University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil, Rapperswil, 191–192.
Hibner J., 2015, Natężenie ruchu turystycznego w rejonie Łomnickiego Stawu (Słowacja) w okresie lipiec – październik 2014 r., [w:] J. Liro, M. Liro, P. Krąż (eds.), Współczesne problemy i kierunki badawcze w geografii, 3, IGiGP UJ, Kraków, 73–90.
Hibner J., 2018, Wpływ kolei linowych na strukturę ruchu turystycznego w Tatrach, PhD thesis written under the supervision of dr hab. Jarosław Balon, prof. UJ at the Institute of Geography and Spatial Management, Jagiellonian University.
Jensen F.S., 2006, Crowding in Danish forests – a non-existent problem?, [in:] D. Siegrist, C. Clivaz, M. Hunziker, S. Iten (eds.), Exploring the nature of management. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas, University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil, Rapperswil, 378–379.
Jodłowski M., 2016, Management strategies for outdoor recreation in Central European high mountain national parks, [in:] Đ. Vasiljević, M. Vujičić, L. Lazić, V. Stojanović (eds.), 8th International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas, abstract book, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 86–88.
Kohl I., Pekny R., 2011, Management in the Dürrenstein wilderness area – How much human intervention can the wilderness tolerate?, Eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, 1(3), 51–54.
Konopska B., (ed.), 2006, Mapa turystyczna Tatrzański Park Narodowy, second edition (1:30 000), PPWK im. E. Romera, Warszawa.
Lebrun A.M., Su Ch-J, Bouchet P., 2021, A more sustainable management of domestic tourists in protected natural parks: A new trend in sport tourism after the Covid-19 pandemic?, Sustainability, 13, 7750.
Manning R.E., 2002, How much is too much? Carrying capacity of national parks and protected areas, [in:] A. Arnberger, C. Brandenburg, A. Muhar (eds.), Monitoring and management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas, Conference Proceedings, Bodenkultur University, Vienna, 306–313.
McCool S.F., Lime D.W., 2001, Tourism carrying capacity: Tempting fantasy or useful reality?, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9(5), 372–388.
Nasa M., Emphandhu D., 2010, Visitor perception of crowding at Doi Inthanon summit, Doi Inthanon National Park, [in:] M. Goossen, B. Elands, R. van Marwijk (eds.), Recreation, tourism and nature in a changing world. The Fifth International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas, Conference materials, Alterra, Wageningen, 157–159.
Navarro Jurado E., Damian I.M., Fernández-Morales A., 2013, Carrying capacity model applied in coastal destinations, Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 1–19.
Newsome D., More S.A., Dowling R.K., 2002, Aspects of Tourism: Natural area tourism: Ecology, impacts and management, Channel View Publications, Bristol Plummer R., Fennell D.A., 2009, Managing protected areas for sustainable tourism: Prospects for adaptive co-management, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17, 149–168.
Schamel J., 2012, Perception of crowding in a high-use German national park, [in:] P. Fredman, M. Stenseke, H. Liljendahl, A. Mossing, D. Laven (eds.), The 6th International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas Outdoor Recreation in Change – Current Knowledge and Future Challenges, Conference materials, Friluftsliv i förändring, Stockholm, 298–299.
Shelby L.B., Vaske J.J., 2007, Perceived crowding among hunters and anglers: A meta-analysis, Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 12, 241–261.
Skawiński P., 2010, Zarządzanie ruchem turystycznym w Tatrzańskim Parku Narodowym, Folia Turistica, Turystyka i Ekologia, 22, 25–34.
Somarriba-Chang M., Wallentinus H.G., 2012, Recreational carrying capacity in hiking trails. Three case studies in protected areas in Nicaragua, [in:] P. Fredman, M. Stenseke, H. Liljendahl, Mossing, D. Laven (eds.), The 6th International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas Outdoor Recreation in Change – Current Knowledge and Future Challenges, Conference materials, Friluftsliv i förändring, Stockholm, 292–293.
Stankey G.H., McCool S.F., 1984, Carrying capacity in recreational settings: Evolution, appraisal and application, Leisure Sciences, 6(4), 453–473.
Staniewska-Zątek W., 2007, Turystyka a przyroda i jej ochrona, Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań.
Sterl P., Wagner S., Arnberger A., 2004, Social carrying capacity of canoeists in Austria´s Danube Floodplains National Park, Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute, 2, 256–263.
Streberová E., Jusková L., 2015, Standards of quality for outdoor recreation in Tatra National Park: a contribution to integrated visitor monitoring and management, Eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, 7(1), 56–65.
Šturcel M., Švajda J., 2005, Turystyka w wysokogórskim środowisku Tatr Słowackich. Návštevnosť vysokohorského prostredia slovenských Tatier, [in:] Z. Ładygin, B. Chovancová (eds.), Monitoring ruchu turystycznego w Tatrach. Monitoring návštevnosti Tatier, TPN, Zakopane, 37–42.
Taczanowska K., Zięba A., Brandenburg Ch., Muhar A., Preisel H., Zięba S., Krzeptowski J., Krajewska A., Kamińska K., Latosińska B., Hibner J., Makaruk W., Hat-Pawlikowska K., Sostmann H., Graf C., Benitez R., Bolos V., Gonzalez L.M., Garcia X., Toca Herrera J.L., Zmrzlikar S., Ziobrowski Sz., 2016, Monitorig ruchu turystycznego w Tatrzańskim Parku Narodowym – studium pilotażowe – Kasprowy Wierch. Visitor monitoring in the Tatra National Park – a pilot study – Kasprowy Wierch. Final report, Institute of Landscape Development, Recreation and Conservation Planning, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Tatrzański Park Narodowy, Zakopane.
TANAP 2019, Tatranskỳ Národnỳ Park: https://www.tanap.org/ (access: 01.09.2019).
TPN 2019, Tatrzański Park Narodowy: https://tpn.pl/poznaj (access: 01.09.2019).
Turistický Atlas Slovenska, 1:50 000, 2005, VKU, Harmanec.
Vaske J.J., Shelby L.B., Graefe A.R., Heberlein T.A., 1986, Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method and empirical evidence, Journal of Leisure Research, 18, 137–187.
Vaske J.J., Donnely M.P., 2002, Generalizing the encounter – norm – crowding relationship, Leisure Sciences, 24(3–4), 255–269.
Vaske J.J., Shelby L.B., 2008, Crowding as a descriptive indicator and an evaluative standard: Results from 30 Years of research, Leisure Sciences, 30, 111–126.
Wyttenbach M., Haider W., Pröbstl U., Rupf R., 2012, Too many people in the mountains in the winter time? [in:] P. Fredman, M. Stenseke, H. Liljendahl, A. Mossing, D. Laven (eds.), The 6th International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas Outdoor Recreation in Change – Current Knowledge and Future Challenges, Conference materials, Friluftsliv i förändring, Stockholm, 296–297.
Zachwatowicz J., 1936, Kolej linowa na Kasprowy Wierch, Architektura i Budownictwo, XII (12), 385–392.
Zaręba D., 2010, Ekoturystyka, PWN, Warszawa.
Informacje: Prace Geograficzne, 2023, Zeszyt 172, s. 127 - 145
Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy
Tytuły:
Instytut Geografii i Gospodarki Przestrzennej, Uniwersytet Jagielloński
Polska
Tatrzański Park Narodowy
Tatrzański Park Narodowy
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor Mendel Str. 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
Publikacja: 02.2024
Status artykułu: Otwarte
Licencja: CC BY
Udział procentowy autorów:
Korekty artykułu:
-Języki publikacji:
AngielskiLiczba wyświetleń: 326
Liczba pobrań: 217