Vietnam’s cultural heritage protection laws (1900–2023) and their pros &amp; cons from the position of Vietnam’s new generation: Case studies

Nguyen Le Uyen Phuong

Vietnam’s cultural heritage protection laws (1900–2023) and their pros & cons from the position of Vietnam’s new generation: Case studies

Data publikacji: 29.06.2024

Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej, 2024, Zeszyt 25, s. 225 - 250

https://doi.org/10.4467/23538724GS.24.014.19875

Autorzy

Pobierz pełny tekst

PDF

drukuj

Tytuły

Vietnam’s cultural heritage protection laws (1900–2023) and their pros & cons from the position of Vietnam’s new generation: Case studies

Abstrakt

The article aims, first, to examine the evolution of cultural heritage protection in Vietnam from 1900 to 2023, focusing on the Vietnam War, renovation (1980–2000), and international integration (since 1987). Second, it analyses the Cultural Heritage Law 2001 and the Amending of Cultural Heritage Law 2009, the two main texts governing this field. Third, it presents case studies of the challenges and successes of cultural heritage protection as it is perceived by the Vietnamese new generation and by the Vietnam government as part of the market economy.

The author observe that historical events strongly shaped the Vietnamese Cultural Heritage Law (CHL). Changing definitions of CHL over time reflect citizens’ ideology in conserving cultural heritage. Further, the Constitution of Vietnam (1946, 1959, 1980, and 1992) differs in its CHL orientation via three major stages. Every time legal basics and political situations change, CHL documents will serve various interests. Finally, the Vietnamese new generation’s cultural heritage education and distribution achievements are discussed.

Author demonstrates that the Vietnam War was the most difficult time for CHL growth. Decree 65 and the 1946 Constitution’s generic definitions were responding to complex political conditions and were not intended to promote CHL. Vietnam became a socialist country under Soviet influence during reconstruction (1980–2000). The 1980 Constitution is strong enough to govern historic resource ownership and conservation, as is shown by new cultural heritage documents like Ordinance 14 (1984) and Decree 28 (1985). However, the ability to exploit heritage and obtain worldwide recognition was limited. Vietnamese CHL had access to international treaties and recommendations when Vietnam joined UNESCO in the international integration period (after 1987). In this period, the 1992 Constitution (internal role) and an international source (external role) inspired the 2001 CHL and 2009 Amendment to CHL. Both documents still play a principal main role in enabling Vietnam to enter the Heritage Economy.

Young Vietnamese citizens’ achievements promote cultural values and involvement. However, Vietnamese teens have not paid attention to develop the legal aspects of CHL. Unanswered is the issue of whether Vietnam’s legal framework is robust enough to prevent abuses in heritage exploitation.

Artykuł ma na celu, po pierwsze, zbadanie ewolucji ochrony dziedzictwa kultury w Wietnamie w latach 1900–2023, koncentrując się na wojnie wietnamskiej, okresie renowacji (1980–2000) i integracji międzynarodowej (od 1987 r.). Po drugie, dokonano w nim analizy ustawy o dziedzictwie kultury z 2001 r. i nowelizacji ustawy o dziedzictwie kultury z 2009 r., czyli dwóch głównych tekstów regulujących tę dziedzinę. Po trzecie, zaprezentowano studia przypadków wyzwań i sukcesów ochrony dziedzictwa kultury, ponieważ jest ona postrzegana przez wietnamskie nowe pokolenie i rząd Wietnamu jako część gospodarki rynkowej.

Zauważono, że wydarzenia historyczne silnie ukształtowały wietnamską ustawę o dziedzictwie kultury (CHL). Zmieniające się z czasem definicje dziedzictwa kultury odzwierciedlają ideologię obywateli w zakresie ochrony dziedzictwa kultury. Co więcej, Konstytucja Wietnamu (1946, 1959, 1980 i 1992) różni się pod względem orientacji na CHL na trzech głównych etapach. Za każdym razem, gdy zmieniają się podstawy prawne i sytuacja polityczna, dokumenty CHL będą służyć różnym interesom. Na koniec omówiono edukację nowego pokolenia Wietnamczyków w zakresie dziedzictwa kultury i osiągnięcia w jego dystrybucji.

Autorka wykazuje, że wojna w Wietnamie była najtrudniejszym okresem dla rozwoju CHL. Dekret 65 i ogólne definicje konstytucji z 1946 r. były odpowiedzią na złożone warunki polityczne i nie miały na celu promowania CHL. W okresie renowacji (1980–2000) Wietnam stał się krajem socjalistycznym pod wpływem Związku Radzieckiego. Konstytucja z 1980 r. jest wystarczająco silna, aby regulować własność i ochronę zasobów historycznych, co pokazują nowe dokumenty dotyczące dziedzictwa kultury, takie jak Rozporządzenie 14 (1984) i Dekret 28 (1985). Jednak zdolność do wykorzystywania dziedzictwa i uzyskania światowego uznania była ograniczona. Wietnamskie CHL miało dostęp do międzynarodowych traktatów i zaleceń, gdy Wietnam dołączył do UNESCO w okresie integracji międzynarodowej (po 1987 r.). W tym okresie konstytucja z 1992 r. (rola wewnętrzna) i międzynarodowe źródło (rola zewnętrzna) zainspirowały CHL z 2001 r. i poprawkę do CHL z 2009 r. Oba dokumenty nadal odgrywają główną rolę w umożliwieniu Wietnamowi wejścia do gospodarki dziedzictwa.

Osiągnięcia młodych obywateli Wietnamu promują wartości kulturowe i zaangażowanie. Jednakże wietnamskie nastolatki nie zwróciły uwagi na rozwój prawnych aspektów CHL. Bez odpowiedzi pozostaje pytanie, czy wietnamskie ramy prawne są wystarczająco solidne, aby zapobiegać nadużyciom w wykorzystywaniu dziedzictwa kultury.

Słowa kluczowe

heritage protection law, Vietnam, Vietnam War, renovation period

prawo ochrony dziedzictwa kultury, Wietnam, wojna wietnamska, okres renowacji

Bibliografia

Pobierz bibliografię

Bao Nhan Dan, “Xử lý hiệu quả hành vi xâm phạm di sản quốc gia”, Nhan Dan News, 5 November 2019, https://nhandan.vn/xu-ly-hieu-qua-hanh-vi-xam-pham-di-san-quoc-gia-post375905.html (accessed: 1.06.2024)

Brooks N.M., “Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History by Loren R. Graham (review)”, Technology and Culture 1993, vol. 36, pp. 725–727

Bui S.N., “The Global Origins of Vietnamms Constitutions: Text in Context”, University of Illinois Law Review 2017, no. 2, pp. 525-563

Chapman W., A heritage of ruins : the ancient sites of Southeast Asia and their conservation, University of Hawaiʻi Press, Honolulu 2013

Dreifort J.E., “Japan’s Advance into Indochina, 1940: The French Response”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1982, vol. 13, issue 2, pp. 279–295

Duong V.S., “Sua doi Luat Di San Van Hoa tao dieu Kien Thiet Lap va phat trien “Kinh te Di san” tai Viet Nam”, Quoc Hoi VN, 5 Aug.2022, https://quochoi.vn/tintuc/Pages/tin-hoat-dong-cua-quoc-hoi.aspx (accessed: 1.06.2024)

Fjelstad K., Nguyen H., Spirits without Borders, Springer, Cham 2011

Galla A., “Museums in sustainable heritage development: A case study of Vietnam”, INTERCOM 2006 Conference Paper, https://www.academia.edu/3984689/Museums_in_sustainable_heritage_development_A_case_study_of_Vietnam (accessed: 1.06.2024)

Hoang L.A., “Không dễ phục dựng điện Kính Thiên”, Báo Người Lao Động, 7 Apri 2011, https://nld.com.vn/van-hoa-van-nghe/khong-de-phuc-dung-dien-kinh-thien-20110407100232986.htm (accessed: 1.06.2024)

Hong H., “Khai quật, khảo cổ Hoàng thành Thăng Long: Hướng tới phục dựng điện Kính Thiên”, Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, 22.12.2023, https://bvhttdl.gov.vn/khai-quat-khao-co-hoang-thanh-thang-long-huong-toi-phuc-dung-dien-kinh-thien-20231221163517013.htm (accessed: 1.06.2024)

Huffer D., Chappell D., “Local and International Illicit Traffic in Vietnamese Cultural Property: A Preliminary Investigation”, Journal of Heritage and Identity 2017, vol. 3: Cultural Property Crime: An Overview and Analysis of Contemporary Perspectives and Trends

Kwon H., “Massacres in the year of the monkey, 1968” [in:] idem, After the Massacre: Commemoration and Consolation in Ha My and My Lai, University of California Press, Berkeley – Los Angeles 2006

Nguyen H.P., “Hệ thống pháp lý về bảo tồn di sản văn hóa phi vật thể tại Việt Nam – Đôi điều ngẫm nghĩ”, Journal of Culture & Resources 2014, no. 1, https://www.hcmuc.edu.vn/bolg/hethong-phap-ly-ve-bao-ton-di-san-van-hoa-phi-vat-the-tai-viet-nam-doi-dieu-ngam-nghi.html (accessed: 1.06.2024)

Nguyen N., “Ung dung cong nghe de bao ton va phat huy gia tri di san”, Cong An Nhan dan news, 7.01.2022, https://cand.com.vn/van-hoa/ung-dung-cong-nghe-de-bao-ton-va-phat-huy-giatri-di-san-i640648/ (accessed: 13.12.2023)

Nguyen T., “Đam mê kỳ lạ của nhà sưu tập cổ vật 9x”, VietNamNet News; VietNamNet, 19.02.2023, https://vietnamnet.vn/dam-me-ky-la-cua-nha-suu-tap-co-vat-sinh-nam-1997-2109603.html (accessed: 1.06.2024)

Nguyen T.M., “Taoism with Vietnamese Mother Goddess Worshipping Belief ”, International Journal of Philosophy 2021, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 148–153, https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijp.20210903.15

Nguyen T.Y., Nguyen H., “Heritage protection in international law and national law: insights into the case of Vietnam Proteção do patrimônio no Direito Internacional e no Direito Nacional: percepções no caso do Vietnã”, Brazilian Journal of Internationl Law 2020, vol. 17, no. 3, https://core.ac.uk/download/429340601.pdf (accessed: 1.06.2024)

“Những con đường hồi hương cổ vật Việt”, Vnexpress.net, 17.11.2022, https://vnexpress.net/nhung-con-duong-hoi-huong-co-vat-viet-4536896.html (accessed: 1.06.2024)

“Những giá trị nổi bật của Đề cương về văn hóa Việt Nam năm 1943 - Cương lĩnh đầu tiên của Đảng về văn hóa, định hướng và soi đường cho nền văn hóa Việt Nam phát triển bền vững – Tạp chí Cộng sản” [Outstanding values of the 1943 Outline on Vietnamese culture – The Party’s first platform on culture, orientation and illumination for the sustainable development of Vietnamese culture], Communist Review, 12.03.2023, https://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/web/guest/van_hoa_xa_hoi/-/2018/827143/nhung-gia-tri-noi-bat-cua-de-cuong-ve-van-hoaviet-nam-nam-1943---cuong-linh-dau-tien-cua-dang-ve-van-hoa%2C-dinh-huong-va-soiduong-cho-nen-van-hoa-viet-nam-phat-trien-ben-vung-%C2%A0.aspx (accessed: 1.06.2024)

Pham T.H., Tran H.M.P., “International Obligations Performance of An Giang’s Military Forces in Ta Keo Province (1979–1989)”, TNU Journal of Science and Technology 2020, vol. 225, no. 10, pp. 24–30, http://thuvienlamdong.org.vn:81/bitstream/DL_134679/24250/1/50997-1297-154986-1-10-20201008.pdf (accessed: 1.06.2024)

Phuong T.K., “The Preservation and Management of Monuments of Champa in Central Vietnam: The Example of My Son Sanctuary, A World Cultural Heritage Site” [in:] Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia: Preservation, Development, and Neglect, eds. J.N. Miksic, Geok Yian Goh, S. O’Connor, Anthem Press, London 2011

Stellman J.M., Stellman S.D., “Agent Orange During the Vietnam War: The Lingering Issue of Its Civilian and Military Health Impact”, American Journal of Public Health 2018, vol. 108, no. 6, pp. 726–728

Szpilman Ch.W.A., “Fascist and Quasi-Fascist Ideas in Interwar Japan, 1918–1941” [in:] Japan in the Fascist Era, ed. E.B. Reynolds, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2004

Thinh N.D., “The Mother Goddess Religion: Its History, Pantheon, and Practices” [in:] Possessed by the Spirits: Mediumship in Contemporary Vietnamese Communities, eds. K. Fjelstad, T.H. Nguyen, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY 2006, pp. 19–30

Thu P., „Outline of Vietnam culture 1943: Historical documents of special significance to the revolution and the path of movement and development of Vietnam’s new culture”, Quoc Hoi Viet Nam, 23.02.2023

Tran H.S., “Thực trạng nghiên cứu và vấn đề tiếp cận lý thuyết trong nghiên cứu trang phục các dân tộc ở Việt Nam”, Journal of Ethnic Minorities Research 2023, no. 1, pp. 108–117, https://nsti.vista.gov.vn/publication/download/hE/qFIDhEPbGhE.html (accessed: 1.06.2024)

Tran T.K., Yoo H., “Doi Moi Policy and Socio-Economic Development in Vietnam, 1986–2005”, International Area Review 2008, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 205-232, https://doi.org/10.1177/223386590801100112

Trung N.S., Van V.H., “Vietnamese Cultural Identity in the Process of International Integration”, Journal of Advances in Education and Philosophy 2020, vol. 4(05), pp. 220–225

Tsou T., “The Cultural Revolution and the Chinese Political System”, The China Quarterly 1969, no. 38, pp. 63–91

Tu T.L., “Cultural Heritage in Vietnam with the Requirements of Sustainable Development”, International Relations and Diplomacy 2019, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 172–187

UNESCO, “Practices related to the Viet beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms”, https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/practices-related-to-the-viet-beliefs-in-the-mothergoddesses-of-three-realms-01064 (accessed: 1.06.2024)

UNESCO, “Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long – Hanoi”, https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1328/ (accessed: 1.06.2024)

UNESCO, National report on the implementation of the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property: Vietnam, 2011, https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000388020 (accessed: 1.06.2024)

Văn kiện Quốc hội Việt Nam Tập VI (Vol. 2) 1984–1987: Bài trình bày của Ủy ban Văn hóa, Giáo dục của Quốc hội về vấn đề chống mê tín dị đoan, xây dựng nếp sống mới và chất lượng tuyển chọn và đào tạo cán bộ (1987), https://quochoi.vn/tulieuquochoi/anpham/Pages/anpham.aspx?AnPhamItemID=3675 (accessed: 1.06.2024)

Vu T.H., Doan T.H.N., “Discussion on the classification of the mother worship religion”, Journalof Science and Technology 2018, vol. 179, no. 3, pp. 25–29, http://tailieudientu.lrc.tnu.edu.vn/Upload/Collection/brief/135890_812020102644CTv178V179S 32018025.pdf (accessed: 1.06.2024)

Legal acts

Sắc lệnh 65 Việt Nam Dân Chủ C ộng Hòa, 1945, https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Van--hoa-Xa-hoi/Sac-lenh-65-an-dinh-nhiem-vu-Dong-duong-bac-co-hoc-vien-35914.aspx

Hiến Pháp Nước Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hoà, 1946, https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Bo-may-hanh-chinh/Hien-phap-1946-Viet-Nam-Dan-Chu-Cong-Hoa-36134.aspx

Nghị Đ ịnh Quy Định 591: Thể Lệ Về Bảo Tồn Cổ Tích, 1957, https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Van-hoa-Xa-hoi/Nghi-dinh-519-TTg-qui-dinh-the-le-bao-ton-co-tich-22906.aspx

Hiến Pháp Nước Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hoà, 1959, https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Bo-may-hanh-chinh/Hien-phap-1959-Viet-Nam-Dan-Chu-Cong-Hoa-36855.aspx

Văn kiện Quốc hội Việt Nam Tập VI (vol. 2), 1984-1987: Bài trình bày của Ủy ban Văn hóa, Giáo dục của Quốc hội về vấn đề chống mê tín dị đoan, xây dựng nếp sống mới và chất lượng tuyển chọn và đào tạo cán bộ, 1987, https://quochoi.vn/tulieuquochoi/anpham/Pages/anpham.aspx?AnPhamItemID=3675

Hiến Pháp Nước Cộng Hoà Xã Hội Chủ Nghĩa Việt Nam, 1980, https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Bo-may-hanh-chinh/Hien-phap-1980-Cong-hoa-Xa-hoi-Chu-Nghia-Viet-Nam-36948.aspx

Pháp Lệnh 14: Bảo Vệ Và Sử Dụng Di Tích Lịch Sử, Văn Hóa Và Danh Lam, Thắng Cảnh, 1984, https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Van-hoa-Xa-hoi/Phap-lenh-Bao-ve-su-dung-ditich-lich-su-van-hoa-danh-lam-thang-canh-1984-14-LCT-HDNN7-36994.aspx

Nghị Định 288: Quy Định Việc Thi Hành Pháp Lệnh Bảo Vệ Và Sử Dụng Di Tích Lịch Sử, Văn Hóa Và Danh Lam Thắng Cảnh, 1985, https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Van-hoa-Xa-hoi/Nghi-dinh-288-HDBT-quy-dinh-viec-thi-hanh-phap-lenh-bao-ve-va-su-dung-di-tichlich-su-van-hoa-va-danh-lam-thang-canh-43640.aspx

Hiến Pháp Nước Cộng Hoà Chủ Nghiã Xã Hội Việt Nam, 1992, https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Bo-may-hanh-chinh/Hien-phap-1992-cong-hoa-xa-hoi-chu-nghia-Viet-nam-38238.aspx

Luật Di Sản Văn Hóa, 2001, https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Tai-nguyen-Moi-truong/Luat-di-san-van-hoa-2001-28-2001-QH10-47926.aspx

Luật Sửa Đổi, Bổ Sung Một Số Điều Của Luật Di Sản Văn Hóa, 2009, https://Thuvienphapluat.Vn/Van-Ban/Van-Hoa-Xa-Hoi/Luat-Di-San-Van-Hoa-2009-Sua-Doi-32-2009-Qh12-90620.Aspx

Informacje

Informacje: Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej, 2024, Zeszyt 25, s. 225 - 250

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/23538724GS.24.014.19875

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Tytuły:

Angielski: Vietnam’s cultural heritage protection laws (1900–2023) and their pros & cons from the position of Vietnam’s new generation: Case studies

Polski: Wietnamskie prawo ochrony dziedzictwa kultury (1900–2023) oraz jego wady i zalety z perspektywy nowego pokolenia Wietnamczyk ów: studia przypadków

Autorzy

Nguyen Le Uyen Phuong

https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2857-1326

University West
Szwecja

Publikacja: 29.06.2024

Status artykułu: Otwarte

Licencja: CC BY

Udział procentowy autorów:

Nguyen Le Uyen Phuong (Autor) - 100%

Korekty artykułu:

Języki publikacji:

Angielski

Liczba wyświetleń: 256

Liczba pobrań: 225

Wietnamskie prawo ochrony dziedzictwa kultury (1900–2023) oraz jego wady i zalety z perspektywy nowego pokolenia Wietnamczyk ów: studia przypadków

Pobierz xml