Artykuł podejmuje kwestię z zakresu ontologii polityki dotyczącą deformacji bytu politycznego, który przybierał różne formy: wspólnoty politycznej, polis, państwa. Od Arystotelesa różnorodni przedstawiciele realizmu umiarkowanego zajmowali się rzeczywistością polityczną, którą wyraża nade wszystko formuła ustroju politycznego. Badaniu rzeczywistości przyświeca maksyma operatio sequitur esse. Pozwoliła ona na stworzenie swoistej taksonomii ustrojów dobrych i zepsutych/zwyrodniałych. Skoro celem człowieka jest życie szczęśliwe, to podstawowe zagadnienie dotyczy odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jakich warunkach politycznych człowiek może być dobrym obywatelem. Dzięki temu polityka rozstrzyga także kwestie etyczne. Co jednak się dzieje w sytuacji odwrotnej, kiedy byt polityczny staje wobec problemu deformacji z powodu nadmiaru lub braku elementów konstytuujących porządek polityczny? Problem ten pojawił się na dobre w czasach nowożytnych, gdy zagadnienie deformacji przybrało postać rozprzężenia porządku politycznego, a nawet upadku państwa, jak było w przypadku I Rzeczypospolitej.

Deformations. The Gradual Abatement of Political Existence

Abstract: Aristotle posed a question concerning conditions of good government and, consequently, good citizen. It gave a rise to disquisitions about taxonomy of good and corrupted governments. An issue of political corruption and deforming forces rose to the theoretical dimension. In modernity a problem became a legitimate question having brought forth after a series of historical events that put into doubt a political existence of several polities. Thus, a question of deformation became an acute political issue under pressure of internal and external conflicts disrupting the political order. The deformation took shape of severe political crises, civil wars, secessions, the falling states. And even, as in a case of the Polish Commonwealth, after the Polish Republic was partitioned by neighbors: absolutist monarchies of Russia, Prussia and the Hapsburg Empire, it led to the political non-existence, An article considers the problem of deformation as entering in a domain of social practices, political theory, and consequently metaphysics. Particularly interesting is to explain the ontic status of political non-existence.

Aristotle posed a question concerning conditions of good government and, consequently, good citizen. It gave a rise to disquisitions about taxonomy of good and corrupted governments. An issue of political corruption and deforming forces rose to the theoretical dimension. In modernity a problem became a legitimate question having brought forth after a series of historical events that put into doubt a political existence of several polities. Th us, a question of deformation became an acute political issue under pressure of internal and external conflicts disrupting the political order. Th e deformation took shape of severe political crises, civil wars, secessions, the falling states. And even, as in a case of the Polish Commonwealth, after the Polish Republic was partitioned by neighbors: absolutist monarchies of Russia, Prussia and the Hapsburg Empire, it led to the political non-existence, An article considers the problem of deformation as entering in a domain of social practices, political theory, and consequently metaphysics. Particularly interesting is to explain the ontic status of political non-existence.