Manifestations of Transphobia in Computer-Mediated Communication. A Case Study of Language Discrimination in English and Polish Internet-Mediated Discourse
cytuj
pobierz pliki
RIS BIB ENDNOTEChoose format
RIS BIB ENDNOTEManifestations of Transphobia in Computer-Mediated Communication. A Case Study of Language Discrimination in English and Polish Internet-Mediated Discourse
Publication date: 10.2019
Studies in Polish Linguistics, Volume 14 (2019), Vol. 14, Issue 3, pp. 101 - 123
https://doi.org/10.4467/23005920SPL.19.016.11081Authors
Manifestations of Transphobia in Computer-Mediated Communication. A Case Study of Language Discrimination in English and Polish Internet-Mediated Discourse
This article aims to investigate the linguistic means of transphobic discrimination observed on the Internet. The languages analysed are English and Polish, since they both offer their speakers direct and indirect ways that discrimination manifests itself, yet Polish seems to enable a more noticeable means because of the presence of grammatical gender in the language. The paper discusses twelve samples of Computer-Mediated Communication, using the methodological tools offered by Critical Discourse Analysis and Queer Theory. Based on the analysis of the samples, the article shows that even though transphobia lies mainly in lexical choices of the speaker, it is not always direct, i.e. visible in insults and attacks on a trans person, but is oftentimes indirect, i.e. visible in the incorrect use of personal pronouns in both English and Polish, or in the incorrect use of grammatical gender in Polish. Moreover, while transphobia visible in language is not always intended by the speaker, it can still be considered to be discriminatory.
Anna Grodzka była przystojnym facetem (2013). [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/anna-grodzka-byla-przystojnym-facetem-6031583404336257a?ticaid=1189d4; accessed December 17, 2017]
Anohni przedstawia „4 Degrees” (2015). [http://muzyka.onet.pl/alternatywa/anohni-przedstawia-4-degrees/dkcpfq; accessed March 29, 2017].
Co łączy wrażliwą Annę Grodzką z byłym działaczem PZPR Krzysztofem Bęgowskim? Wszystko! (2012). [http://wpolityce.pl/polityka/135619-co-laczy-wrazliwa-anne-grodzka-z-bylym-dzialaczem-pzpr-krzysztofem-begowskim-wszystko; accessed December 17, 2017].
Pierwsza twarz Anny Grodzkiej. Wielkie fałszerstwo życiorysu działacza PZPR (2012).[http://oszustwo.eu/archives/1742; accessed December 25, 2017].
Anohni “Drone Bomb Me” [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUEoic7ro_o; accessed December18, 2017].
Laverne Cox Presents: ‘The T Word’ Full Documentary | MTV [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDy0DhfuxfI; accessed April 3, 2017].
Laverne Cox Explains Her Relationship With Her Body & Struggles to Pay Rent | Body Stories |SELF [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-ylx6vhiZc; accessed 20 March, 2019].
ACON. A Language Guide: Trans and Gender Diverse Inclusion. [https://www.acon.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/External_Language-Guide-17396_print_V13.pdf; accessed March 25, 2019].
“BBC” (2017). Urban Dictionary. [https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=BBC;accessed March 21, 2019].
Egale Canada Human Rights Trust (nd.). What Constitutes Transphobic and CisnormativeBullying and Harassment.[https://www.ed.gov.nl.ca/edu/k12/safeandcaring/pdf/Transphobic_Cisnormative_Bullying_Harassment.pdf; accessed March 21, 2019].
How to React After Accidentally Misgendering Someone (2014).[http://www.pdxqcenter.org/how-to-react-after-accidentally-misgendering-someone/; accessedMarch 21, 2019].
Pawłowicz o Grodzkiej: Jaka pani? Twarz boksera (2013). [https://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/pawlowicz-o-grodzkiej-jaka-pani-twarz-boksera,303037.html; accessed May 20, 2019].
Planned Parenthood (nd.). Sexual Orientation and Gender. [https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/sexual-orientation-gender; accessed March 23, 2019].
Polskie Towarzystwo Seksuologiczne (nd.). Stanowisko PTS ws sytuacji społecznej, zdrowotnej i prawnej osób transpłciowych. [http://pts-seksuologia.pl/sites/strona/83/stanowisko-pts-ws-sytuacji-spolecznej-zdrowotnej-i-prawnej-osob-transplciowych; accessed March 23, 2019].
Senat.gov.pl. Debata o ustawie o uzgodnieniu płci. Senator PiS zrównuje trans-seksualizm z pedofilią. “Taka jest logika tego działania” (2015). [http://wyborcza.pl/10,82983,18488441,debata-o-ustawie-o-uzgodnieniu-plci-senator-pis-zrownuje.html; accessed May 20, 2019].
Trans troops return to era of ‘don’t ask, don’t tell’ as Trump policy takes effect (2019).[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/apr/12/transgender-ban-military-trump-take-effect-dont-ask-dont-tell; accessed May 20, 2019].
Wipe Out Transphobia (nd.). Transphobia. [http://www.wipeouttransphobia.com/support/; accessed November 11, 2018].
World Health Organisation moves to end classifying trans identities as mental illness (2018). [https://tgeu.org/world-health-organisation-moves-to-end-classifying-trans-identities-as-mental-illness/; accessed March 24, 2019].
Billard Thomas J. (2018). “Passing” and the politics of deception: Transgender bodes, cisgender aesthetics, and the policing of inconspicuous marginal identities. In The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication, Tony Docan-Morgan (ed.), 463–477. Palgrave Macmillan: New York.
Crompton Rosemary, Lyonette Clare (2005). The new gender essentialism – domestic and family ‘choices’ and their relation to attitudes. The British Journal of Sociology 56(4), 601–620.
Fairclough Norman (1989). Language and Power. Harlow: Longman.
Fairclough Norman (2012). Critical discourse analysis. International Advances in Engineering and Technology 7, 452–487.
Halberstam, Judith (2001). Telling tales: Brandon Teena, Billy Tipton, and transgender biography. In Maria C. Sanchez, Linda Schlossberg (eds.), Passing: Identity and Interpretation in Sexuality, Race, and Religion, 13–37. New York, NY: New York University Press.
Hall Stuart (1997). The spectacle of the “Other.” In Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, Stuart Hall (ed.), 223–290. London: SAGE/Open University.
Hord Levi C.R. (2016). Bucking the linguistic binary: Gender neutral language in English, Swedish, French, and German. Western Papers in Linguistics/Cahiers linguistiques de Western: Vol. 3(1), Article 4.
Huang Ni, Hong Yili, Burtch Gordon (2015). Anonymity and language usage: A natural experiment of social network integration. Paper presented at the Thirty Sixth International Conference on Information Systems, Fort Worth.
Jørgensen Marianne W., Phillips Louise J. (eds.) (2002). Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method. London: SAGE Publications.
Livia Anna, Hall Kira (1997). “It’s a girl!”: Bringing performativity back to linguistics. In Queerly Phrased. Language, Gender, and Sexuality, Anna Livia, Kira Hall (eds.), 3–18. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Motschenbacher Heiko, Stegu Martin (2013). Introduction: Queer Linguistics approaches to discourse. Discourse & Society 24, 519–535.
Thurlow Crispin, Lengel Laura, Tomic Alice (2004). Computer Mediated Communication. Social Interaction and the Internet. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: SAGE.
Wernick Laura J., Kulick Alex, Inglehart Marita H. (2014). Influences of peers, teachers and climate on students’ willingness to intervene when witnessing anti-transgender harassment. Journal of Adolescence 37(6), 927–935.
Allen Samantha (2017). The political pettiness of misgendering transgender people. The Daily Beast.
[https://www.thedailybeast.com/this-is-why-misgendering-hurts-transgender-people-so-much; accessed March 24, 2019].
Anderson Ryan T. (2018). Transgender ideology is riddled with contradictions. Here are the big ones. The Heritage Foundation. [https://www.heritage.org/gender/commentary/transgender-ideology-riddled-con- tradictions-here-are-the-big-ones; accessed May 21, 2019].
Bailey Emma (2012). Behaviour that’s transphobic and why. Wipe Out Transphobia. [http://www.wipeouttransphobia.com/2012/07/20/transgender-suicide-rate/; accessed May 29, 2019].
Bartram Fay (nd.). Ten steps to tackling homophobic, biphobic and transphobic language in your school. [http://www.stonewall.org.uk/sites/default/files/hbt_language.pdf; accessed February 8, 2018].
Beaumont-Thomas Ben (2016). Anohni, the artist once known as Antony Hegarty, on life beyond the Johnsons. The Guardian. [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/apr/09/trans-singer-anohni-new-album-hopelessness; accessed March 21, 2019].
Butler Tijen (2018, December 4). Deadname: What is deadn aming and who is guilty of it? PinkNews.[https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/12/04/deadname-deadnaming/; accessed March 25, 2019].
Chiu Allyson (2018, August 14). Laverne Cox lambastes ‘dead naming.’ What is it and why is it a problem? The Washington Post. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/08/14/laverne-cox-lambastes-deadnaming-what-is-it-and-why-is-it-a-problem/;accessed March 22, 2019].
Clements KC (nd.). What does it mean to misgender someone? Healthline. [https://www.healthline.com/health/transgender/misgendering; accessed March 21, 2019].
Clements KC (2017, October 19). What is dead naming? Healthline. [https://www.healthline.com/health/transgender/deadnaming; accessed March 21, 2019].
Cox Laverne (nd.). Laverne’s story…[https://lavernecox.com/about/; accessed May 17, 2019].
Dynarski Wiktor (ed.) (2016). “To nie są żadne chore fantazje.” Osoby transpłciowe wobec pracparlamentu nad ustawą o uzgodnieniu płci.[http://transfuzja.org/download/publikacje/fatazje2016compressed.pdf; accessed February 8, 2018].
Dynarski Wiktor, jąderek Izabela, kłonkowska Anna M. (eds.) (2016). Transpłciowa młodzież w polskiej szkole. Raport z badań.[http://transfuzja.org/download/publikacje/transplciowa_mlodziez.pdf; accessed February 8, 2018].
Dennis Riley J. (2017). Misgendering trans people is an act of violence | Riley J. Dennis [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-u5gYxXHoA; accessed March 20, 2019].
Ferguson, Sian. (2014). 3 examples of everyday cissexism. Everyday Feminism.[https://everydayfeminism.com/2014/03/everyday-cissexism/; accessed May 25, 2019].
Hall Francesca (2015). Getting Started. A toolkit for preventing and tackling homo-phobic, biphobic and transphobic bullying in secondary schools. [http://www.stonewall.org.uk/sites/default/files/getting_started_a_toolkit_for_sec-ondary_schools.pdf; accessed February 8, 2018].
Haas Ann P., Rodgers Philip L., Herman Jody L. (2014). Suicide attempts among transgender and gender non-conforming adults. [https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/AFSP-Williams-Suicide- Report-Final.pdf; accessed February 7, 2018].
Hamann Christopher C. (2014). Trans enough: trans/gender identities and (mis)repre- sentation in social work. [http://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1876&context=theses;accessed February 5, 2018].
Hope Sam (2014). Please use my pronouns! A feminist challenging transphobia.[https://feministchallengingtransphobia.wordpress.com/2014/07/09/please-use-my-pronouns/; accessed May 29, 2019].
Kondracki Jerzy A., Davies Norman, Hutchinson Dawson Andrew, Jasiewicz Krzysztof, Smogorzewski Kazimierz Maciej, Roos Hans, Wandycz Piotr S. (2019). Poland. In Encyclopædia Britannica online.[https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland/Government-and-society; accessed March 23, 2019].
Lubnauer Katarzyna (2015). Senat – czy to się leczy farmakologicznie? Liberté! [https://liberte.pl/senat-czy-to-sie-leczy-farmakologicznie/; accessed May 20, 2019].
Pareles Jon (2016). Anohni: Embracing a new name, and sound. The New York Times.[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/24/arts/music/anohni-embracing-a-new-name-and-sound.html; accessed March 21, 2019].
Pavlíček Antonín (2005). Anonymity on the internet and its influence on the communication process. Prague: Charles University. PhD dissertation [accessed December 23, 2018].
Reynolds Daniel (2016). Meet the second-ever transgender Oscar nominee. The Advocate.[https://www.advocate.com/film/2016/1/14/meet-second-transgender-oscar-nominee; accessed March 21, 2019].
St. Patrick Joli (2017). What you’re really saying when you misgender. The Body Is Not an Apology.[https://thebodyisnotanapology.com/magazine/what-youre-really-saying-when-you-misgender/; accessed March 23, 2019].
Szewczyk Paula (2017). “Jestem gejem i homofobem”. Niemożliwe? Newsweek Polska. [https://w ww.newsweek.pl/polska/spoleczenstwo/homofobia-oraz-transfobia-wewnatrz-srodowiska-lgbt/1shc23c; accessed March 22, 2019].
Talusan Meredith (2015, April 2). Being transgender in a transphobic society leads to moments of sheer desperation. The Guardian. [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/apr/02/being-transgender-in-a-transphobic-society-leads-to-moments-of-sheer-desperation; accessed November 11, 2018].
Turner Lewis, Whittle Stephen, Combs Ryan (2009). Transphobic Crime in the European Union. London: Press For Change [accessed March 23, 2019].
Wasiak-Radoszewski Aleksander (nd.). Transfobia. RÓWNOŚĆ.INFO. [https://rownosc.info/dictionary/transfobia/; accessed March 23, 2019].
Information: Studies in Polish Linguistics, Volume 14 (2019), Vol. 14, Issue 3, pp. 101 - 123
Article type: Original article
Titles:
Manifestations of Transphobia in Computer-Mediated Communication. A Case Study of Language Discrimination in English and Polish Internet-Mediated Discourse
Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, Gołębia 24, 31-007 Kraków, Poland
Published at: 10.2019
Article status: Open
Licence: CC BY-NC-ND
Percentage share of authors:
Article corrections:
-Publication languages:
EnglishView count: 1723
Number of downloads: 2207