Bleiburg and Croatian Political Emigration – Commemorations, Interpretations and Use in Anti-Yugoslav Propaganda

Wollfy  Krašić

Bleiburg and Croatian Political Emigration – Commemorations, Interpretations and Use in Anti-Yugoslav Propaganda

Publication date: 12.2022

Central European and Balkan Studies, 2022, Vol. XXXI, pp. 47 - 79

https://doi.org/10.4467/2543733XSSB.22.003.16705

Authors

Pobierz pełny tekst

PDF

Titles

Bleiburg and Croatian Political Emigration – Commemorations, Interpretations and Use in Anti-Yugoslav Propaganda

Abstract

The paper presents forms of commemoration of the Bleiburg tragedy and the Way of the Cross in the communities of Croatian political refugees in the West and different interpretations of the mentioned events. It also analyzes some cases in which the world public was made aware of the massacres committed by communist Yugoslavia, as well as forms of repression and diplomatic pressure by the Yugoslav authorities to prevent commemorations in Bleiburg.

Keywords

Massacre in Bleiburg, Way of the Cross, commemoration, the Independent State of Croatia, Yugoslavia, Croatian political emigration

References

Download references

Arapović R., Bruno Bušić: meteorski bljesak na hrvatskomu obzorju [Bruno Bušić: a Meteor Flash on the Croatian Horizon], Washington 2003.

Bleiburg, https://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=8154, visited August 4, 2021.

Bleiburg – a call for dialogue and reconciliation: sermons delivered by Croatian bishops at annual commemorations of the Bleiburg tragedy 2003–2020, Zagreb 2021.

Crljen D., Čimbenici Bleiburškog sloma [Factors of the Bleiburg Collapse], Hrvatska revija, vol. 1, March 1970, 27–51.

Čusto A., Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Cultural Memory of Bleiburg, Croatian Political Science Review, Vol. 55, No. 2, 2018, 111–130.

Danica, 1956, 1960, 1975.

Geiger V., Osvrt na važniju literaturu o Bleiburgu 1945 [Important Literature on Bleiburg Event since May 1945], Časopis za suvremenu povijest, No. 1, 2003, 189–216.

Goldstein I., Zločin i kazna (ili – kakva je veza Jasenovca i Bleiburga) [Crime and Punishment (or – about the connection between Jasenovac and Bleiburg)], in: Jasenovac: manipulacije, kontroverze i povijesni revizionizam [Jasenovac: Manipulations, Controversies and Historical Revisionism], ed. A. Benčić, S. Odak, D. Lucić, Jasenovac 2018, 65–85.

gradišćanski Hrvati [Burgenland Croats], https://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=22976, visited September 11, 2021.

Grahek Ravančić M., Controversis about the Croatian victims at Bleiburg and at „death marches”, Review of Croatian History, Vol. II , No. 1, 2006, 27–46.

Grahek Ravančić M., Geiger V., Jasenovac i Bleiburg između činjenica i manipulacija [Jasenovac and Bleiburg between facts and manipulations], in: Jasenovac: manipulacije, kontroverze i povijesni revizionizam [Jasenovac: Manipulations, Controversies and Historical Revisionism], ed. A. Benčić, S. Odak, D. Lucić, Jasenovac 2018, 19–63.

Grubišić V., Bleiburg u egzilantskoj i domovinskoj hrvatskoj književnosti do 1990 [Bleiburg in Exile and Homeland Croatian Literature until 1990], Hrvatska revija, vol. 1, March 1996, 61–78.

Habsburg Otto von, https://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=23998, visited September 11, 2021.

Hrvatska, 1974, 1975.

Hrvatska Država, 1975.

Hrvatska gruda, 1964, 1975, 1979.

Hrvatska – Hrvatski državni arhiv [Croatia – Croatian State Archives], fond [Fond] 1409 Savjet za odnose s inozemstvom Izvršnog vijeća Sabora Socijalističke Republike Hrvatske [Council for Foreign Relations of the Executive Council of the Parliament of the Socialist Republic of Croatia].

Hrvatski glas, 1975.

Hrvatski list, 1980.

Hrvatski narod, 1969–1972, 1975, 1980.

Hrvatski tjednik, 1985.

Jareb J., Pola stoljeća hrvatske politike [Half a century of Croatian politics], Zagreb 1995.

Kolsto P., Bleiburg: The Creation of a N ational Martyrology, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 62, No. 7, September 2010, 1153–1174.

Krašić W., A failed assassination attempt on the Deželić family in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1965 by the Yugoslav Security Service, accepted for publication in Zbornik Janković, No. 5 for 2020/2021.

Krašić W., Hrvatski pokret otpora: hrvatske državotvorne organizacije i skupine: 1945–1966 [Croatian Resistance Movement: Croatian Independence Organizations and Groups: 1945–1966], Zagreb 2018.

Krašić W., Hrvatsko proljeće i hrvatska politička emigracija [„Croatian Spring” and Croatian Political Emigration], Zagreb 2018.

Krizman B., Pavelić u bjekstvu [Pavelić on the Run], Zagreb 1996.

Križni put [Way of the Cross], https://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=34099, visited August 4, 2021.

Kudra Beroš V., Bleiburg kao kulturna trauma [Bleiburg as Cultural Trauma], Etnološka tribina 43, vol. 50, 2020, 128–142.

Kvaternik E. D., Sjećanja i zapažanja 1925–1945. Prilozi za hrvatsku povijest [Memories and Observations 1925–1945. Contributions to Croatian History], Zagreb 1995.

Macdonald D. B., Balkan holocausts? Serbian and Croatian victim-centred propaganda and the war in Yugoslavia, Manchester, New York 2002.

Molnar Ch. A., Memory, Politics, and Yugoslav Migrations to Postwar Germany, Bloomington 2019.

Nielsen Ch. A., The Yugoslav State Security Service and the Bleiburg Commemorations, Croatian Political Science Review, Vol. 55, No. 2, 2018, 50–70.

Nikolić V., Dr. Ante Pavelić (14 VII 1889 – 28 XII 1959), Hrvatska revija, vol. 1, March 1960, 47–55.

Nikolić V., Hrvatskoj [To Croatia], Hrvatska revija, vol. 3, March 1975, 18. Nova Hrvatska, 1975.

Omrčanin I., Anglo-američka diplomacija i ND H oko 30. travnja 1945 [Anglo-A merican diplomacy and the ISC around April 30, 1945], Republika Hrvatska, No. 104, December 1975 – January 1976, 16–34.

Oršanić I., Vizija slobode [The Vision of Freedom], Chicago 1990.

Pavlaković V., Deifying the Defeated: Commemorating Bleiburg since 1990, L’Europe en Formation, 357, 2010, 125–147.

Pavlaković V., Brentin D., Pauković D., The Controversial Commemoration: Transnational Approaches to Remembering Bleiburg, Croatian Political Science Review, Vol. 55, No. 2, 2018, 7–32.

Perić I., Hrvatska u monarhističkoj Jugoslaviji: kronika važnijih zbivanja [Croatia in Monarchist Yugoslavia: A Chronicle of Important Events], Zagreb 2006.

Petričević J., Tko je odgovoran za Bleiburg? Jednostrano svaljivanje odgovornosti na strance i hrvatske generale [Who is responsible for Bleiburg? Unilaterally shift of responsibility to foreigners and Croatian generals], Hrvatska revija, vol. 3, September 1965, 278–281.

Petričević J., Trideset-godišnja bilanca nove Jugoslavije [Thirty-year balance of the new Yugoslavia], Hrvatska revija, No. 2, June 1975, 179–188.

Radelić Z., Hrvatska seljačka stranka: 1941–1950 [Croatian Peasant Party: 1941–1950], Zagreb 1996.

Radelić Z., Hrvatska u Jugoslaviji: 1945–1991: od zajedništva do razlaza [Croatia in Yugoslavia: 1945–1991: from unity to separation], Zagreb 2006.

Radelić Z., Križari – gerila u Hrvatskoj: 1945– 1950 [Crusaders – guerrillas in Croatia: 1945–1950], Zagreb 2002.

Radelić Z., Rat, država, nacija i revolucija: bitne pretpostavke komunističke represije u Hrvatskoj, in: Represija i zločini komunističkog režima u Hrvatskoj [Repression and Crimes of the Communist Regime in Croatia], ed. R. Horvat, Zagreb 2012, 21–48.

Rojnica I., Susreti i doživljaji [Encounters and adventures], München 1969.

Rulitz F. T., The Tragedy of Bleiburg and Viktring, 1945, DeKalb 2016.

Rumora I., Svi smo mi krivi za prošlost – ali i odgovorni za budućnost Hrvatske [We are all to blame for the past – but also responsible for the future of Croatia], Hrvatska revija, No. 2, June 1975, 245–247.

Šarić T., Bleiburške žrtve na stranicama Hrvatske revije [The Victims of Bleiburg in the Pages of the Journal Hrvatska revija], Časopis za suvremenu povijest, No. 2, 2004, 505–521.

Švedska – privatni arhiv Branka Salaja. Teheranska konferencija 1943. [Tehran Conference 1943], https://enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=60642, visited August 4, 2021.

Tepeš I., Hrvatska politička emigracija – HSS [Croatian political emigration – CPP], Zagreb 2021.

Tokić M. N., Avengers of Bleiburg: Émigré Politics, Discourses of Victimhood and Radical Separatism during the Cold War, Politička misao 55, No. 2, 2018, 71–88.

Ubijanja u Kočevskom rogu [Killings in Kočevski rog], http://www.hic.hr/dom/387/dom14.htm, visited August 4, 2021.

Udbino ubojstvo Hrvata Martinovića u Klagenfurtu [UD BA’s murder of the Croat Martinović in Klagenfurt], Hrvatska revija, Vol. 1, March 1975, 165–166.

Vrančić V., S bielom zastavom preko Alpa: u misiji hrvatske državne vlade za predaju Hrvatskih oružanih snaga [With a White Flag Across the Alps: in the mission of the Croatian state government to surrender the Croatian Armed Forces], Buenos Aires 1953.

Vukušić B., Čuvari bleiburške uspomene: počasni bleiburški vod: 1952–2017 [Guardians of the Bleiburg Memory: Honorary Bleiburg Platoon: 1952–2017], Zagreb 2017.

Vukušić B., HRB: Hrvatsko revolucionarno bratstvo: rat prije rata [CRB: Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood: War Before War], Zagreb 2010.

Vukušić B., Tajni rat Udbe protiv hrvatskih iseljenika iz Bosne i Hercegovine [Udba’s Secret War Against Croatian Emigrants ftom Bosnia and Herzegovina], Zagreb 2002.

Information

Information: Central European and Balkan Studies, 2022, Vol. XXXI, pp. 47 - 79

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/2543733XSSB.22.003.16705

Article type: Original article

Titles:

Polish:

Bleiburg and Croatian Political Emigration – Commemorations, Interpretations and Use in Anti-Yugoslav Propaganda

English:

Bleiburg and Croatian Political Emigration – Commemorations, Interpretations and Use in Anti-Yugoslav Propaganda

Authors

Wollfy Krašić

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0823-7363

Faculty of Croatian Studies, University of Zagreb, Croatia

Published at: 12.2022

Article status: Open

Licence: CC BY-NC-ND

Percentage share of authors:

Wollfy Krašić (Author) - 100%

Article corrections:

Publication languages:

English

View count: 379097

Number of downloads: 897

<p> Bleiburg and Croatian Political Emigration – Commemorations, Interpretations and Use in Anti-Yugoslav Propaganda</p>

Download xml