Słowa kluczowe: medieval Kraków, Jews in medieval Poland, medieval trade, Hebrew diplomatics, early modern, Dutch Republic, Amsterdam, criminal, Huguenots, periodicals, Leon Modena, The Hebrew story, morality literature, Jewish literature, Jewish folklore, gender studies, Sholem Asch, midrash, Apostle, New Testament, Pauline epistles, Itzhak Katzenelson, Dos lid fun oysgehargetn yidishn folk, Ghetto Fighters’ House, Miriam Novitch, Hermann Adler, Jerzy Ficowski, Itzhak Katzenelson, Warsaw Ghetto, Theodicy, Despair, Holocaust Literature, Spiritual Resistance, Galicia, Krakow, Lwów, Jewish poor, municipal self-government, poor law, Jewish welfare, charity, subsidies, Brody, Haskalah, Zionism, Galicia, 19th century, Argument from Design, Spinoza, Deism, Kant, internal final causes, Darwinian evolution, Aristotle, Bertrand Russell, the Hebrew Bible, Krochmal, ontological argument, causal ontological argument, cultural stereotypes, irony, Polish-Jewish relations, The Ronald S. Lauder Foundation, Jewish education, rebirth of the Jewish life in Poland, Lauder-Morasha Schools, Kraków, Jan Marian Małecki, Kraków Academy of Economics, Jagiellonian University, Father Stanisław Musiał Award