This paper presents lithic technology studies on the Middle and Late period of the Upper Palaeolithic in Hungary between 26 and 13 ka BP. The studies aimed at describing and then comparing the technological processes from lithic raw material procurement to the formal tool making. An attempt was made to find correlations between technological features and chronological positions of the assemblages to see if lithic technology operated traditionally or opportunistically. The study found that technology was rather shaped toward efficiency with an adaptive behavior. Therefore, in most cases, the way how tools were made is useless to differentiate archaeological cultures, while the tools themselves, especially the armatures, can be markers of cultures as was shown earlier. This study found that the formation of the archaeological record and its variability most likely depended upon the dynamism of human ecology.

The objective of this paper is to show the complexity of Neolithization processes on the basis of lithic industries structure in eastern Croatia and southern Transdanubia. The location of major deposits of siliceous rocks is presented and the procurement systems of these rocks at the most important sites of the Starčevo Culture and of the LBK Formative Phase in the territories in question is discussed. The data obtained in the raw materials and techno-morphological analyses is compared with the taxonomic and socio-economic diversity of the Early Neolithic Cultures. 

In the Mesolithic, specific traits of the environment of the eastern Adriatic coast resulted in the emergence of a local cultural province, different from the Central Balkans and open to trans-Adriatic influences. This province was distinguished by the blending of three different cultural traditions: Epigravettian, Sauveterian, and Castelnovian.

A large assemblage of charred cereal grains was found at the multicultural site Kraków Nowa Huta – Mogiła 62 during a rescue excavations performed in the late 1960s. It provided valuable source of material for archaeobotanical and stable isotope studies. Both current botanical analyses of six subsamples and new radiocarbon dates of the top and the bottom of the layer indicated their Middle Neolithic origin (the Funnel Beaker culture). Despite the earlier suspicion that the material was disturbed by the construction work, the field documentation stored in the Archaeological Museum and the new archaeobotanical analyses indicate that the layer with the cereal grains, which was found at the depth of 300–330 cm was in fact, undisturbed. The cereals (mostly emmer with admixture of einkorn) were stored in a form of spikelets (as indicated by proportions of chaff and grains) and the assemblage was a final product of harvest cleaning (as suggested by low number of arable weeds). Values of stable carbon and nitrogen ratios suggest that the storage contained cereals originated from plots of different level of manuring and similar soil moisture, however more isotopic measurements are necessary to confirm that hypothesis. It is also supported by different proportions of taxa in the studied subsamples. Most of the emmer grains were sprouted before charring. We assume the grain was spoilt by excessive humidity of the storage conditions.