Malwina Popiołek

In this paper, we have reviewed selected issues related to the metaverse concept, taking into account selected social, technological, and legal aspects. We focused on reviewing the newest literature on the metaverse topic published in the years 2020–2023. The database was gained through Google Scholar search, in order to check if any specific publishers or research areas are dominant among results provided by this search engine. The qualitative content analysis of the literature within the scope of technology, social sciences, and law, revealed the most promising and most threatening aspects of metaverse development and dissemination.

JEL: O3, K2, K4

* The article was developed within the framework of the project “Experience and immersive technologies – from creative practice to educational theory” in partnership with Jagiellonian University, Łódź Film School, University of Malta and University of Athens (project ID number: 2020-1-PL01-KA226-HE-095891).

The article presents different ways of reporting the Russian aggression against Ukraine in 2022 by three American TV stations: CNN, PBS, and Fox News. Our study covered and categorized Facebook posts published between February 24th and May 31st. The analysis revealed three main themes around which reports about the war have been focused: the United States, Ukraine, and Russia, each one was treated differently by each station. The article shows and discusses the differences between them. The article also presents the overall context of discussing the war in Ukraine, which, right after it started, consisted of three main perspectives: 1) reports from the battlefield; 2) words and actions of Biden, Zelensky, and Putin; and 3) sanctions on Russia.

Livestreaming is an opportunity to participate in digital social life, both for streamers and their audience. This participation is associated with the possibility of spreading content considered as socially harmful. Although trash streams have been popular in Central Europe for several years, they are still not fully characterized. Previous studies define them rather operationally – for the needs of a given analysis. This study fills that gap. Based on long-term observation of trash streamers activity and review of the literature and press reports, the authors provide a comprehensive description of trash streams pointing to differences in nomenclature used in Poland and worldwide. The article also provides methodological guidelines for the analysis of trash streams. The authors developed these guidelines on the basis of the analysis of the literature and their own research experience.

E-competences of digital natives – exploration of selected e-skills. Own research study

The paper focuses on selected e-skills of young people (Generation Y, Generation Z, Net Generation) who are considered as digital natives.  The article  deals especially with the common belief that representatives of the young generation are proficient in the use of ICT. This is an exploration of this issue, done by seeking answer to the question whether that kind of common belief is correct? In the first part of this paper, there is an overview of selected studies and reflections related to the problem, both enthusiastic and critical. The second part is a description of research, which was conducted by the author of the paper.

The subject of the paper is filter bubble and awareness of its mechanism among junior high school students. The article attempts to answer the question about how many representatives of the Z Generation (in this case junior high school students) are familiar with the issue of personalizing content on the Web, how they perceive it and whether they can manage information on the web to minimize the negative consequences of filter bubble and efficiently manage information on the Internet. 15 in-depth interviews were conducted. Th e results show that young people notice the effects of a filter bubble, but they do not always know the mechanisms of its. The respondents do not prevent content personalization, it is not always perceived by them negatively. People who actively create content on the Web have the best knowledge about filter bubble mechanism. The space of communication platforms such as Facebook is for a Z Generation natural information management environment. Social media tools are eagerly chosen, and it is oft en the only tool used for the information management purposes. 

The article describes the phenomenon of patostreaming which is present in the Polish Internet. The authors applied the desk research method and the analysis of media content. The authors explain what is characteristic of patostreaming and how it was created. There is an analysis of media content published by the most recognizable patostreamers: Gural, Rafatus, Daniel Magical and Rafonix. There is a defi nition of the most important concepts related to the discussed problem, as well as the classification of patostreaming content. The second part of the paper analyses the phenomenon from the legal point of view, taking into account the issues of legal liability of persons submitting content, persons viewing content, as well as platforms providing access to this material. The authors also discussed legal diffi culties related to solving the patostreaming problem.

The article describes the phenomenon of patostreaming which is present in the Polish Internet. The authors applied the desk research method and the analysis of media content. The authors explain what is characteristic of patostreaming and how it was created. An analysis of media content has been published by the most recognizable patostreamers: Gural, Rafatus, Daniel Magical and Rafonix. A definition of the most important concepts related to the discussed problem, as well as the classification of patostreaming content, have been included. The second part of the paper analyses the phenomenon from the legal point of view, taking the issues of legal liability of persons submitting content, persons viewing content, as well as platforms providing access to this material into account. The authors also discussed the legal diffi culties related to solving the patostreaming problem.

Nowadays, the importance of social media in our life is rapidly growing. Especially popular are social networking sites such as Facebook or Instagram. The article: Social network sites in the web space describes briefly social media, especially social network sites, and its role in our everyday life. It also describes how and why we use social network sites, and also what kind of risks (such as fear of missing out) we can experience because of that. The article is trying to answer the question if nowadays social network sites using is a choice or a necessity.