Aleksandra Berkowicz

In the Polish People’s Republic (PRL), almost all schools were state-owned and served a subservient role to the communist system. Non-public schools in Poland, which developed in the late 1980s, are either charter schools run by the NGOs or private schools run by the individuals. The development of non-public schools in Poland was a manifestation of a grassroots initiative of civil society, which did not approve of the totalitarian ideology implemented in public schools and the dysfunctional, backward way of managing these schools. The aim of the article is to present the dynamics of the development of non-public forms of education in Poland in the years 1989–2014. The study used quantitative methodology – statistical data obtained by information registers of public administration. The compilation of this data allowed to show the development dynamics of non-public schools in Poland and the development direction of this phenomenon. The analysis of the existing data made it possible to draw a specific map of the development of non-public schools according to the number of schools, students, and teachers, also taking into account the geographical distribution of these schools in individual Polish voivodships. The conclusions of the research confirm the thesis that the creation and development of private schools is a phenomenon that was a social work from the beginning – a bottom-up initiative of civil society. The article fills the research gap through a synthetic approach to the development of education alternatives to the public education in Poland, in which the responsibility for the partial task implementation of meeting needs and providing well for the students in the context of education was taken over by citizens instead of the state. It also aims at spreading awareness among scientists and society of the importance of the issues raised in the text, while inspiring the participation of citizens in social life and their specific impact, the strength of which results in the changes made on the surrounding reality.

Background. The article draws thereaders’attention to changes –trends in particular from the environment of further school organizations, and having a significant impact on the way they function.

Research aims. Review and attempt at the theoretical analysis of macro trends: economic, (post) humanities and technology, which governs or will govern education throughout the world. Attention was also paid to challenges posed by individual management perspectives.

Methodology. My research is based on a literature review giving insight into the basic understanding of changes in education and on existing approaches.

Key findings. The article shows that school organizations are subject to various changes initiated by various entities, including political and economic ones and this requires parallel attention to the development of humanities that will allow individuals to become “fully”human, so that entry into the world of nature, economy, technology, society, and culture can be accomplished through awareness and implementation of humanistic ideas.

JEL Codes: I21, I28

The article introduces the idea of the Bologna Process – a European-wide initiative which focuses on changes in the higher education system. The strategic aim of this policy is to create a European Higher Education Area and to improve its international competitiveness
The authors analyze the genesis of the idea of the Bologna Process, briefly discuss its strategic objectives, the tools used to achieve them and describe the stakeholders taking part in the implementation of the policy at the European and national levels. The essay concentrates on the description of the two out of six main tools of the Bologna Process: mobility and ECTS system as well as their implementation in Polish universities