On known and less known relations of Leonhard Euler with Poland

Roman Sznajder

Titles

Abstract

W tej pracy skupiamy się na kontaktach badawczych Leonharda Eulera z polskimi naukowcami jego epoki, głównie z Gdańska (wtedy Gedanum, Danzig). L. Euler był najbardziej płodnym matematykiem wszystkich czasów, najwybitniejszym matematykiem osiemnastego wieku i jednym z najlepszych w historii. Kompletne wydanie jego rękopisów nie zostało dotąd zakończone (Kleinert 2015; Kleinert, Mattmüller 2007).
Kontakty Eulera z francuskimi, niemieckimi, rosyjskimi i szwajcarskimi naukowcami są powszechnie znane, a stosunki z Polską, wtedy jednym z największych krajów europejskich, są nadal zapomniane. Euler odwiedził Polskę tylko raz, w czerwcu 1766 roku, w drodze powrotnej z Berlina do Petersburga.
Był goszczony przez dziesięć dni w Warszawie przez Stanisława II Augusta, ostatniego króla Polski. Wielu polskich naukowców przedstawiono Eulerowi, nie tylko z kręgów matematycznych, ale również astronomów i geografów. Korespondencja Eulera z gdańskimi naukowcami i urzędnikami, w tym Carlem L. Ehlerem, Heinrichem Kühnem i Natanaelem M. von Wolfem zaczęła się już w połowie lat 1730-tych. Wyróżniamy relacje L. Eulera z H. Kühnem, profesorem matematyki w Gimnazjum Akademickim w Gdańsku i prawdopodobnie najlepszym polskim matematykiem tamtej epoki. To od H. Kühna Euler dowiedział się o problemie mostów królewieckich. Dlatego można argumentować, że początek teorii grafów i topologii płaszczyzny wywodzi się z Gdańska. Ponadto, H. Kühn był pierwszym matematykiem, który zaproponował interpretację geometryczną liczb zespolonych, bardzo cenioną przez Eulera.
Ustalenia zawarte w niniejszym artykule są albo nieznane lub mało znane ogólnej społeczności matematyków.

In this work we focus on research contacts of Leonhard Euler with Polish scientists of his era, mainly with those from the city of Gdańsk (then Gedanum, Danzig). L. Euler was the most prolific mathematician of all times, the most outstanding mathematician of the 18th century, and one of the best ever. The complete edition of his manuscripts is still in process (Kleinert 2015; Kleinert, Mattmüller 2007).
Euler’s contacts with French, German, Russian, and Swiss scientists have been widely known, while relations with Poland, then one of the largest European countries, are still in oblivion. Euler visited Poland only once, in June of 1766, on his way back from Berlin to St. Petersburg. He was hosted for ten days in Warsaw by Stanisław II August Poniatowski, the last king of Poland. Many Polish scientists were introduced to Euler, not only from mathematical circles, but also astronomers and geographers. The correspondence of Euler with Gdańsk scientists and officials, including Carl L. Ehler, Heinrich Kühn and Nathanael M. von Wolf, originated already in the mid-1730s. We highlight the relations of L. Euler with H. Kühn, a professor of mathematics at the Danzig Academic Gymnasium and arguably the best Polish mathematician of his era. It was H. Kühn from whom Euler learned about the Königsberg Bridge Problem; hence one can argue that the beginning of the graph theory and topology of the plane originated in Gdańsk. In addition, H. Kühn was the first mathematician who proposed a geometric interpretation of complex numbers, the theme very much appreciated by Euler.
Findings included in this paper are either unknown or little known to a general mathematical community.

Keywords

Jowin Bystrzycki, complex numbers, Danzig Academic Gymnasium, Carl Gottlieb Ehler, Leonhard Euler, Königsberg bridge problem, Heinrich Kühn, King Stanisław August Poniatowski, Józef Rogaliński, Nathanael Matthaeus von Wolf

References

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Information: Studia Historiae Scientiarum, 2016, 15 (2016), pp. 75 - 110

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/23921749SHS.16.005.6148

Article type: Original article

Titles:

Polish:

On known and less known relations of Leonhard Euler with Poland

English:

On known and less known relations of Leonhard Euler with Poland

Authors

Roman Sznajder

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8145-5397

Bowie State University
Bowie United States, United States of America

Published at: 24.11.2016

Article status: Open

Licence: CC BY-NC-ND

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Roman Sznajder (Author) - 100%

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