Between administrative Scylla and academic Charybdis: Clerk or historian — dilemmas in the early days of professional archival science in the United States
cytuj
pobierz pliki
RIS BIB ENDNOTEChoose format
RIS BIB ENDNOTEMiędzy administracyjną Scyllą i uczoną Charybdą. Urzędnik czy historyk — rozterki u narodzin profesjonalnej archiwistyki w Stanach Zjednoczonych
Publication date: 2022
Archival and Historical Review, 2022, Vol. IX, pp. 73 - 97
https://doi.org/10.4467/2391-890XPAH.22.005.17217Authors
Między administracyjną Scyllą i uczoną Charybdą. Urzędnik czy historyk — rozterki u narodzin profesjonalnej archiwistyki w Stanach Zjednoczonych
W Stanach Zjednoczonych istniały dwa nurty archiwistyki. Klasyczny był związany z administracją, drugi zaś tworzyli aktywni obywatele pragnący utrwalić proces narodzin nowego państwa. Podwaliny oficjalnej administracji i biurokracji tworzył Charles Thomson, sekretarz pierwszego, zbuntowanego Kongresu Kontynentalnego w 1774 r. To on, pracując w parlamencie, ukształtował zalążki archiwum władz centralnych w 518 woluminach i dlatego słusznie jest nazywany ojcem chrzestnym amerykańskich archiwistów. Po zdobyciu niepodległości już na pierwszej sesji nowego Kongresu we wrześniu 1789 r. przyjęto Ustawę o zapewnieniu bezpiecznego przechowywania akt, dokumentacji i pieczęci Stanów Zjednoczonych, lecz przez cały wiek XIX nie zdołano stworzyć Archiwum Narodowego. Drugi nurt archiwistyki od zarania USA tworzyli pasjonaci historii, którzy gromadzili indywidualne kolekcje archiwaliów i druków ulotnych. Z czasem wyrastały z nich samodzielne, instytucjonalne biblioteki lub też zbiory te zasilały zasoby innych archiwów, bibliotek czy muzeów. Wśród najwybitniejszych kolekcjonerów warto wymienić Ebenezera Hazarda, Jareda Sparksa czy Lymana Copelanda Drapera. Z czasem także poszczególne stany zaczęły tworzyć instytucje o charakterze historyczno-archiwalnym, z których wyrastały historyczne ośrodki informacyjne i archiwa rządów stanowych. Archiwum Narodowe powołano dopiero w 1934 r. Zatrudniono w nim wielu historyków, którzy liczyli na pracę nad dziejami kraju, lecz zalew współczesnej dokumentacji sprawił, że dopiero po wielu latach żmudnych, biurokratycznych działań mogli podjąć współpracę z historykami. A toczący się wśród nich spór o to, gdzie przebiega granica między powołaniem archiwisty i historyka, pozostaje aktualny do dzisiaj.
Between administrative Scylla and academic Charybdis: Clerk or historian — dilemmas in the early days of professional archival science in the United States
In the United States, two main trends in archival science can be distinguished: traditional archival activities related to administration on the one hand, and on the other, active citizens who wanted to record the development of the new country. The foundation for the official administration and institutions was laid by Charles Thomson, the secretary of the first rebel Continental Congress in 1774. He worked in the parliament and laid the groundwork for the central authorities’ archive, encompassing 518 volumes. Thus, he is rightly referred to as the “godfather” of all American archivists. At the first session of the Congress after the USA had gained independence, in September 1789, it adopted the Act to provide for the safe-keeping of the Acts, Records and Seal of the United States. However, the authorities failed to establish the National Archives throughout the whole 19th century. The second trend in the history of American archival science was shaped by history lovers, with their individual collections and ephemera. With time, those grew into full-fledged, institutional libraries or were incorporated into the fonds of other archives, libraries, or museums. The most prominent collectors included Ebenezer Hazard, Jared Sparks, and Lyman Copeland Draper. Over time, individual states also started establishing historical and archival institutions, which grew to become centers of historical information or archival offices of state governments. The National Archives were only established in 1934, and employed many historians who hoped to work on the history of the country; however, the influx of contemporary documentation meant that only after many years of tedious, bureaucratic work could they start any actual historical cooperation. Meanwhile, the dispute regarding the line between the vocations of an archivist and a historian remains unresolved until today.
Keywords: archival science in the United States, the origins of American archives, American National Archives, American state archives, pioneers of American archival science
Adams S., The Accidental Archivist: J.G. de Roulhac Hamilton and the Creation of the Southern Historical Collection at Chapel Hill, A Master’s paper submitted to the faculty of the School of Information and Library Science of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Library Science, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, April, 2000, https://ils.unc.edu/MSpapers/2566.pdf (dostęp: 2.5.2018).
Alabama Department of Archives and History: Museum of Alabama History: Defined Scope of Collections, www.archives.alabama.gov/scope_of_collections2.pdf (dostęp: 2.6.2014).
An Historian’s World: Selections from the Correspondence of John Franklin Jameson, ed. by E. Donnan, L.F. S tock, Philadelphia 1956.
Brannon P.A., The Alabama Department of Archives and History, „Alabama Historical Quarterly”, Spring 1962, vol. 24, no. 1, s. 1–15.
Brichford M., Margaret Cross Norton, „The American Archivist”, Fall 1984, vol. 47, no. 4, s. 473–474.
Burnett E.C., Charles Thomson [w:] Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 18, New York 1936.
Charles Thomson (1729–1824), „Penn [University of Pennsylvania] Biographies”, http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/1700s/thomson_chas.html (dostęp: 26.6.2016).
Charles Thomson 1730–1824, http://colonialhall.com/thomson/thomson.php (dostęp: 26.6.2016).
Connor R.D.W., Adventures of an amateur archivist, „The American Archivist”, vol. 6, no. 1, January 1943.
Connor R.D.W., Our National Archives, „Minnesota History Magazine”1936, vol. 17, issue 1, s. 1–19.
Cross Norton M., The Archives Department as an Administrative Unit in Government [w:] „National Association of State Libraries, Papers and Proceedings”, Thirty-Third Annual Convention, Los Angeles, California, June 23–27, 1930 (reprinted from „Bulletin of the American Library Association”(September 1930).
Ebenezer Hazard [portal:], WikiTree, http://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Hazard-285 (dostęp: 23.6.2015).
Ebenezer Hazard, Historical collections: consisting of state papers and other authentic documents, intended as materials for an history of the United States of America, t. 1–2, printed by T. Dobson, for the author, Philadelphia 1792–1794 [online: t. 1: https://archive.org/details/historicalcollec01haza, t. 2: https://archive.org/details/historicalcollec_02haza (dostęp: 23.6.2015); reprint: Hazard, Ebenezer, Historical collections, consisting of State papers, and other authentic documents, intended as materials for an history of the United States of America, Freeport, t. 1–2, New York 1969].
Ebenezer Hazard Pamphlet Collection, Library of Congress, https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg=Ebenezer+Hazard+Pamphlet+Collection&searchCode=GKEY%5E*&searchType=0&recCount=25&sk=en_US (dostęp: 23.6.2015).
Grzybowski S., Teki Naruszewicza: Acta regum et populi Poloni, Wrocław 1960.
Hamilton J.G. de Roulhac, Three Centuries of Southern Records, 1607–1907, „Journal of Southern History”, February 1944, vol. 10, no. 1, s. 3–36.
Harley L.R., The life of Charles Thomson, secretary of the Continental congress and translator of the Bible from the Greek, Philadelphia 1900.
History of the Alabama Department of Archives and History, Alabama Department of Archives and History, updated: June 3, 2010, http://www.archives.alabama.gov/intro/adah.html (dostęp: 2.6.2014).
Jakeman R.J., Marie Bankhead Owen and the Alabama Department of Archives and History, 1920– 1955, „Provenance, Journal of the Society of Georgia Archivists”, January 2003, vol. 21, no. 1, s. 36–65, http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/provenance/vol21/iss1/4 (dostęp: 31.8.2015).
Jimerson R., Margaret C. Norton Reconsidered, „Archival Issues: Journal of the Midwest Archives Conference”2001, vol. 26, issue 1, s. 41–62.
Jones H.G., The Records of a Nation: Their Management, Preservation, and Use, New York 1969.
Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, edited from the original records in the Library of Congress, vol. 1–34, Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1904–1937, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwjc.html; https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006771172 (dostęp: 30.6.2016).
Kahn H., The First Generation: The Autodidact [jako część artykułu: H. Kahn, F.B. E vans, A. Hinding, Documenting American Cultures Through Three Generations: Change and Continuity], „The American Archivist”, April 1975, vol. 38, no. 2, s. 147-151.
Lawrimore E., Margaret Cross Norton: Defining and Redefining Archives and the Archival Profession, „Libraries & the Cultural Record”2009, vol. 44(2), s. 183–200.
Link A.S., The American Historical Association, 1884–1984: Retrospect and Prospect, „American Historical Review”, February 1985, vol. 90, no. 1, s. 1–17 [online: http://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/presidential-addresses/arthur-s-link (dostęp: 22.5.2015).
Lossing B.J., Eminent Americans: Comprising Brief Biographies of Leading Statesmen, Patriots, Orators and Others, Men and Women, Who Have Made American History, New York 1883.
Margaret Cross Norton, https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/11693789#cite_note-14 (dostęp: 6.11.2021).
Margaret Cross Norton: A Biographical Sketch, Illinois State Archives, http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/departments/archives/nortonbio.html (dostęp: 24.6.2014).
Mason P.P., Deaths, „The American Archivist”, 1 July 1975, vol. 38, no. 3, s. 462–464.
Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–present [portal:], American Academy of Arts & Sciences, https://www.amacad.org/contentu.aspx?d=941 (dostęp: 23.6.2015).
Mitchell T.W., Introduction [w:] Norton on Archives: The Writings of Margaret Cross Norton on Archival & Records Management, ed. by T.W. Mitchell, Chicago 1975, s. XVIII .
Monroe A.N., Thomas M. Owen [w:] Encyclopedia of Alabama, published June 25, 2007, last updated December 13, 2010, http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1189 (dostęp: 2.6.2014).
Monroe A.N., Thomas Owen and the Founding of the Alabama Department of Archives and History, „Provenance”2003, vol. 21, s. 22–35.
Naruszewicz teka, Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie, Biblioteka Książąt Czartoryskich, https://cyfrowe.mnk.pl/dlibra/publication/3930 (dostęp: 2.11.2021).
Norton on archives: the writings of Margaret Cross Norton on archival & records management, ed. With an introd. by T.W. Mitchell, foreword by E. Posner, Carbondale [1975], s. 3–12.
Owen T.M., Our state —Alabama, compiled by M. Bankhead Owen from the four volume historical work written by her husband, the late Thomas M. O wen, entitled History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, [Birmingham] 1927.
Pilcher G., Ebenezer Hazard and the Promotion of Historical Scholarship in the Early Republic, „Pennsylvania History”, January 1989, vol. 56, no. 1, s. 3–14, https://journals.psu.edu/phj/article/viewFile/24722/24491 (dostęp: 23.6.2015).
Posner E., American State Archives, Chicago 1964.
Pudłowski L., Zarys dziejów archiwistyki i zarządzania dokumentacją w Stanach Zjednoczonych w latach 1774–1940 [w druku].
Rolater F.S., Charles Thomson, “Prime Minister”of the United States, „Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography”, July 1977, vol. 101, issue 3, s. 322–348, https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/43361/43082 (dostęp: 26.6.2016).
Safe-keeping of the Records and Seal of the United States: An Act to provide for the safe-keeping of the Acts, Records, and Seal of the United States, and for other purposes, September 15, 1789 [w:] The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845, ed. by R. Peters, vol. 1, Boston 1848, s. 68–69, http://www.constitution.org/uslaw/sal/001_statutes_at_large.pdf (dostęp: 17.9.2015).
Sanders J.B., Evolution of executive departments of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, Chapel Hill 1935 [reedycja: Gloucester, Mass. 1971].
Secretary Charles Thomson, https://www.charlesthomson.com/2013/01/secretary-charles-thomson.html (dostęp: 31.10.2021).
Shelley F., Ebenezer Hazard: America’s First Historical Editor, „The William and Mary Quarterly”, January 1955, vol. 12, no. 1, s. 44–73, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1923095?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents (dostęp: 23.6.2015).
Simpson R.R., The Origins of the Alabama Department of Archives and History, „Alabama Historical Quarterly”, Summer 1972, vol. 34, s. 155–170.
United States National Archives: An act to establish a National Archives of the United States Government, and for other purposes, June 19, 1934 [w:] The Statutes at large of the United States of America from March 1933 to June 1934 concurrent resolutions recent treaties and conventions, executive proclamations and agreements, twenty-first amendment to the Constitution, edited, printed, and published by authority of Congress under the direction of the Secretary of State, vol. XLVIII in two parts, part 1, Washington 1934, s. 1122–1124, http://www.constitution.org/uslaw/sal/048_statutes_at_large.pdf (dostęp: 17.9.2015).
Viola H.J., The National Archives of the United States, original photographs J. Wallen, foreword R.M. Warner, introduction D. McCullough, New York 1984.
Information: Archival and Historical Review, 2022, Vol. IX, pp. 73 - 97
Article type: Original article
Titles:
Między administracyjną Scyllą i uczoną Charybdą. Urzędnik czy historyk — rozterki u narodzin profesjonalnej archiwistyki w Stanach Zjednoczonych
Between administrative Scylla and academic Charybdis: Clerk or historian — dilemmas in the early days of professional archival science in the United States
IC A/SIO , SUV; Wiedeń–Warszawa
Published at: 2022
Article status: Open
Licence: CC BY-ND
Percentage share of authors:
Article corrections:
-Publication languages:
PolishView count: 280
Number of downloads: 334