Intelligence cooperation between Poland and Japan during the Second World War

Ewa Pałasz-Rutkowska

Intelligence cooperation between Poland and Japan during the Second World War

Publication date: 29.09.2022

History Notebooks, 2022, Issue 149 (2), pp. 319 - 342

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.22.017.15677

Authors

Pobierz pełny tekst

PDF

Titles

Intelligence cooperation between Poland and Japan during the Second World War

Abstract

Military cooperation between Poland and Japan, including cooperation of intelligence officers, began after the two countries established diplomatic relations in March 1919 when Japan recognized Poland as an independent state. This cooperation thrived during the 1930s. Tokyo decided that Warsaw can be a valuable strategic point and a Japanese intelligence coordination centre for Europe, which would be oriented towards the East and the West (the USSR and Germany). In exchange for information, the Japanese allocated Polish intelligence liaison officers in their diplomatic posts in Germany, the Baltic states and Scandinavia. The Japanese enabled them to send reports in the Japanese diplomatic mail and issued suitable forged documents. The centre for this cooperation was Riga and Kaunas, later Berlin, Prague, Königsberg and Stockholm.

Keywords

Japan, Poland, mutual relations, military cooperation, military intelligence services

References

Download references

Unpublished Sources

Public Archives

Archiwum Akt Nowych, Warszawa (abbr. AAN)

“Komitet Narodowy Polski – Paryż,” “(Oddział II) Sztab Główny” (abbr. OII SzG); “Referat Studiów Ogólnych Oddziału II”

Archiwum Muzeum Wojska Polskiego, Warszawa

“Michał Rybikowski”

Bōei Kenkyūjo Shiryō Toshoshitsu (Military Archives of the National Institute for Defense Studies), Tokyo

Ōkubo S., Tairo angōkaidoku ni kansuru sōshi narabi ni senkun nado ni kansuru shiryō [in:] Manshū. Shūsenji nissosen, vol. 28

Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warszawa

“Oddział II Sztabu Generalnego i Głównego Wojska Polskiego”

Gaimushō Gaikō Shiryōkan (Diplomatic Archives of the MOFA; abbr. GGS), Tokyo

6.1.6.1-1; J.2.3.0 J/X2-6, M.1.5.0.3-30 (VII), M.2.1.0.10-92, M.2.1.0.13-15

Instytut Polski i Muzeum Gen. Sikorskiego, Londyn

“Kolekcje prywatne,” no. 206: “W. Gilewicz”

Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa

T. Romer, Diplomatic Activities 1913–1975 (unpublished):

Japan, vol. I: 1937–1940 (abbr. TRDAJ, I)

Japan, vol. II: 1940–1941 (abbr. TRDAJ, II)

Private Archives

Daszkiewicz L., Placówka wywiadowcza „G”. Sprawozdania i dokumenta, Anglia 1948 (abbr. LD).

Hryncewicz L., Grupa pod kryptonimem „Wierzba” na Litwie Kowieńskiej działająca w okresie II wojny światowej, Warszawa 1988 (abbr. LH).

Onoderas archive

Heydrich to Ribbentrop, “Japanische Spionage im Reich,”no. IV E 5-K.52g.Ra. (7 August 1941).

Letters from M. Rybikowski to M. Onodera and Y. Onodera (1961–1990).

Studies

Ariga T., Nihon rikukaigun no jōhō kikōto sono katsudō, Tōkyō 1994.

Budzyński E., “Poczta japońska,” Zeszyty Historyczne 1992, no. 102, pp. 203–213.

Chapman J.W.M., “Japan in Poland’s Secret Neighbourhood War,”, Japan Forum 1995, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 225–283.

Chapman J.W.M., “The Polish Connection: Japan, Poland and the Axis Alliance,”, Proceedings of the British Association for Japanese Studies 1977, vol. II/1, pp. 57–78.

Ciechanowski J.S., “Bohaterowie polskiego wywiadu w II wojnie światowej. Ppłk. dypl. Jan Kowalewski (1892–1965)” [in:] Wywiad i kontrwywiad wojskowy II RP. Z działalności Oddziału II SG WP, vol. V, ed. T. Dubiecki, Łomianki 2015, pp. 165–187.

Flight and Rescue, Washington DC 2001.

Jędrzejewicz W., Wspomnienia, Wrocław 1993 (abbr. WJ).

Jiyūe no tōsō. Sugihara biza to Yudayajin, Tōkyō 1995.

Kitade A., Inochi no biza. Haruka naru tabiji, Tōkyō 2012.

Kliszewicz L.A.B., “Baza w Sztokholmie,” Zeszyty Historyczne 1981, no. 58, pp. 44–175.

Kozakiewicz J., Mackiewicz R., “Podokrąg ZWZ-AK Kowno, Inspektorat E.”, Wiano, no. 8 (no date).

Kuromiya H., Pepłoński A., Między Warszawą a Tokio. Polsko-japońska współpraca wywiadowcza 1904–1944, Toruń 2009.

Lewin I., Remember the Days of Old: Historical Essays, New York 1994.

Okabe N., Kieta Yaruta mitsuyaku kinkyūden, Tōkyō 2012.

Onodera Y., Barutokai no hotori ni te, Tōkyō 1985 (abbr. OY).

Onodera Y., “Onodera bukan no ‘tatakai.’Hokuōno chi no jōhōsen to Ribikofusuki no koto,” Seiron 1993, no. 5, pp. 186–221 (abbr. OYS).

Onodera Y., “‘Walka’ attaché Onodery,”introduction and translation E. Pałasz-Rutkowska, Japonica 1994, no. 2, pp. 97–113 (abbr. OYJ).

Pałasz-Rutkowska E., “Ambassador Tadeusz Romer: His Role in Polish-Japanese Relations (1937–1941),” Silva Iaponicarum 2008, Fasc. XVIII. pp. 82–104.

Pałasz-Rutkowska E., “Rescuer of Refugees in Tokyo: Polish Ambassador Tadeusz Romer,” Darbai in Dienos 2017, no. 67, pp. 239–254.

Pałasz-Rutkowska E., “The Making of a European Friend: Japan’s Recognition of Independent Poland”[in:] The Decade of the Great War: Japan and the Wider World in the 1910s, eds. T. Minohara, Tze-ki Hon, E. Dawley, Leiden, Boston 2014, pp. 231–256.

Pałasz-Rutkowska E., Romer A.T., “Dainiji sekai taisen to himitsu chōhō katsudō.

Pōrando to Nihon kyōryoku kankei,” transl. S. Yoshigami, A. Matsumoto, Polonica 1995, no. 5, pp. 12–60.

Pałasz-Rutkowska E., Romer A.T., Historia stosunków polsko-japońskich, vol. I: 1904–1945, extended and revised 3rd edition, Warsaw 2019 (first edition 1996).

Pałasz-Rutkowska E., Romer A.T., Nihon Pōrando kankeishi 1904–1945, transl. R. Shiba, extended and revised 2nd edition, Tōkyō2019 (first edition 2009).

Pałasz-Rutkowska E., Romer A.T., “Współpraca polsko-japońska w czasie II wojny światowej. Kowno, Sztokholm, Królewiec, Berlin, 1939–1945,”, Zeszyty Historyczne 1994, no. 110, pp. 3–44.

Pałasz-Rutkowska E., Romer A.T., “Polish-Japanese Co-operation during World War II,” Japan Forum 1995, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 285–317.

Pepłoński A., “Nie publikowany dokument dotyczący współpracy między Oddziałem II Sztabu Generalnego WP a wywiadem japońskim,” Przegląd Policyjny 1991, no. 1/23, pp. 104–107.

Pepłoński A., Wywiad Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie (1939–1945), Warszawa 1995.

Schellenberg W., The Schellenberg Memoirs, transl. L. Hagen, London 1975.

Shiraishi M., Chōhō no tensai. Sugihara Chiune, Tōkyō 2011.

Sugihara Y., Rokusennin no inochi no biza, Tōkyō1990 (abbr. SY).

“Raport konsula Sugihary Chiune,”re-translation, introduction and edition E. Pałasz-Rutkowska, Japonica 1997, no. 7, pp. 131–140 (abbr. SCh).

Takahashi A., Taiheiyōo watatta Sugihara biza, Gifu 2020.

Watanabe K., Shinshō. Inochi biza, Tōkyō 2000.

Wołos M., “Misja kapitana Jana Kowalewskiego do Japonii w 1923 roku” [in:] Wywiad i kontrwywiad wojskowy II RP, vol. 1, ed. T. Dubiecki, Łomianki 2010, pp. 329–341.

Zwartendyk J., Jr., Curaçao: Lifeline to Holocaust Survival, Jewish Studies, Spring 1996, pp. 2–9.

Interviews

with: Mori Motojirō, Onodera Yuriko, Ōtaka Setsuko, Sugihara Yukiko, Ueda Hiroaki, Jan Zwartendijk Jr.

Correspondence

with: Ernest Heppner, Kasai Tadakazu, Onodera Yuriko, Zofia Rybikowska, Sugihara Yukiko, Jan Zwartendijk Jr., Norbert Żaba

Information

Information: History Notebooks, 2022, Issue 149 (2), pp. 319 - 342

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.22.017.15677

Article type: Original article

Titles:

Polish:

Intelligence cooperation between Poland and Japan during the Second World War

English:

Intelligence cooperation between Poland and Japan during the Second World War

Authors

Ewa Pałasz-Rutkowska

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5819-7032

University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 30, 00-927 Warszawa, Poland

Published at: 29.09.2022

Article status: Open

Licence: CC BY

Percentage share of authors:

Ewa Pałasz-Rutkowska (Author) - 100%

Article corrections:

Publication languages:

English

View count: 832

Number of downloads: 1101

<p> Intelligence cooperation between Poland and Japan during the Second World War</p>

Download xml