Olgierd Jakubowski

There are a variety of methods that may be used in the analysis of crimes against cultural heritage which allow us to determine the level of risk. A comprehensive study covering all instances of crime against cultural goods during the period of one year allows us to note tendencies in criminals’ behaviour and helps develop methods to counteract similar crimes in the future. The article presents the selected cases of crime in 2021 based on statistics prepared by the police, National Revenue Administration and border police. The study is a part of an annual series and aims to illustrate the trends and threats to monuments and cultural assets throughout a given year. The complementary presentation of collective information on the threats posed to cultural heritage is essential to develop a strategy for its protection from a research perspective.

There are a variety of methods that may be used in the analysis of crimes against cultural heritage which allow us to determine the level of risk. A case study covering all instances of crime against cultural goods during the period of one year allows us to note tendencies present in the behaviour of criminals, and helps develop methods to counteract similar crimes in the future. Based on the results of several such case studies, it is then possible to assess the risk of crime against national heritage in a much more complementary manner and minimise its occurrence. This article presents selected cases of crime in 2017 based on statistics prepared by the national police,National Revenue Administration,and border police. The study is part of an annual series and aims to illustrate the trends and threats related to monuments and cultural assets in a given year. The complementary presentation of collective information on the threat to cultural heritage is essential for a research perspective, in order to develop a strategy for its protection.

This article presents selected cases of cultural heritage crime in Poland during 2018 based on statistics prepared by the local police, the National Revenue Administration and the Border Police. It is worth noting that this is a year in which new systems for the reduction of threats to cultural goods have come into force. It should be considered when assessing the security status of cultural heritage in the future. Studies on various cases of crimes against heritage carried out in 2014-2018 allow one to indicate trends in perpetrators’ activities and identify the main threats to monuments at that time. The complementary presentation of collective information on the threat of cultural heritage is essential for the perspective of research, in order to develop a strategy for its protection. 

There are a variety of methods that may be used in the analysis of crimes against cultural heritage which allow us to determine the level of risk. A comprehensive study covering all instances of crime against cultural goods during the period of one year allows us to note tendencies in criminals’ behaviour and help develop methods of counteracting similar crimes in the future. Based on the results of several such case studies, it is then possible to assess the risk of crime against national cultural heritage in a much more appropriate manner and minimise its occurrence. This paper presents selected cases of crimes against cultural heritage that occurred in 2019.

There are a variety of methods that may be used in the analysis of crimes against cultural heritage which allow us to determine the level of risk that is posed. A comprehensive study covering all instances of crime against cultural goods during the space of one year allows us to note tendencies in criminals’ behaviour and helps develop methods to counteract similar crimes in the future. The threat of crime to cultural heritage is influenced by specific events that affect the level of security in the state. Certain factors that should be taken into account when analyzing the phenomenon of crime against cultural heritage in 2020 include threats arising from the COVID-19 pandemic or social unrest.

There are a variety of methods that may be used in the analysis of crimes against cultural heritage, which allow us to determine the level of risk. A case study covering all the instances of crime against cultural goods during a year allows us to note tendencies present in the behaviour of criminals and helps to develop methods of counteracting similar crimes in the future. Based on the results of a number of such case studies it is then possible to assess the risk of a crime against national heritage in a much more complementary manner and to minimise its occurrence. The article aims to initiate cyclical articles to be published on an annual basis, in which crimes against national heritage will be presented regularly. It also includes a selection of issues which in the author’s opinion may provide additional material for assessing the risk level for the occurrence of crimes against national heritage. Different types of crimes against national heritage such as theft, robbery and damage of valuable cultural objects are briefly described.

There are a variety of methods that may be used in the analysis of crimes against cultural heritage which allow us to determine the level of risk. A comprehensive study covering all instances of crime against cultural goods during a year allows us to note tendencies in criminals’ behaviour and helps to develop methods of counteracting similar crimes in the future. Based on the results of a number of such case studies, it is then possible to assess the risk of crime against the national heritage in a much more appropriate manner and minimise its occurrence. This paper presents selected cases of crimes against cultural heritage in 2016, based on statistics prepared by the police, customs, and border guards. It also presents data on the final convictions of perpetrators for acts against heritage. The data on the perpetrators of crimes against legacy are also presented. The study is a part of annual series and aims to illustrate the trends and threats to monuments and cultural assets in a given year. A comprehensive presentation of collective information on the threat to cultural heritage is essential both for perspectives and to develop a strategy for its protection.

There is a variety of methods that may be used in the analysis of crimes against the cultural heritage which allow us to determine the level of risk. A case study covering all instances of crime against cultural goods during a year allows us to note tendencies present in the behaviour of criminals and helps to develop methods of counteracting similar crimes in the future. Based on the results of a number of such case studies it is then possible to assess the risk of crime against the national heritage in a much more complementary manner and minimise its occurrence.

An analysis of the phenomenon of crimes against cultural heritage may apply various methods for diagnosing the level of actual threats. Arguably, annual studies of examples of crimes involving cultural object(s) allow for the evaluation of tendencies within perpetrators’ actions, and may also help to devise methods to counteract future incidents. Many years of research into crimes against cultural heritage facilitate, in a complimentary way, measuring the level of threat caused by such actions and to minimise the risk of their occurrence. This article is a continuation of the annual cycle of articles published by the “Santander Art and Culture Law Review” aimed at a systematic presentation of the phenomenon of criminality against cultural heritage in Poland. It offers a selection of cases that constitute auxiliary material for the diagnosis of the level of threat for cultural objects within the designated period. Incidents of various criminal acts against cultural heritage are presented in the form of short informative pieces; these include cases of theft, robbery, or the destruction of valuable cultural property.

When studying the phenomenon of crime against cultural heritage different methods can be applied to diagnose the level of threat. A year-long study of specific crime cases where the victims are cultural goods allows one to see trends in the activities of the perpetrators and helps one to develop methods to counteract future incidents. Long-term studies of crime cases affecting cultural heritage enable for a complementary way of assessing the level of risk factors and to minimize the risk of their occurrence. The study is expected to begin an annual series of articles aimed at the systematic presentation of the phenomenon of crime against cultural heritage in Poland. The text presents a selection of cases which, in the opinion of the author, may constitute an auxiliary tool to diagnose the level of the threat to cultural goods within the period indicated. There are presented in a shortened form cases of various types of criminal activities against heritage, such as theft, burglary and the destruction of valuable cultural objects.

The aim of this study is to present and critically analyses a new special module of the Internal Market Information System (IMI), designed for the purposes of Directive 2014/60/EU. The module will serve as both a platform for the exchange of information between the Member States of the European Union (EU) and mean for realising the objectives of the Directive 2014/60/EU. First, the study presents the underlying causes and reasons behind the change in rules on the return of cultural objects in the EU, which gave basis for the employing the IMI system for the cultural heritage purposes. Next, it explains legal foundations for the use of this module and discusses the benefits and shortcomings of this new instrument for the protection of cultural heritage from illicit trafficking within the EU. Finally, the study also examines the differences and similarities with other instruments used in the search for cultural objects lost as a result of criminal acts.

Various methods of risk assessment can be deployed when examining the phenomenon of crime against cultural heritage. Annual data concerning instances of particular crimes involving cultural assets as well as case studies allow us to understand the trends in the activities of the perpetrators and help to develop methods of prevention. This article presents selected data as well as cases of offences discovered or committed in Poland in 2016, based on the statistics provided by the police, Customs Service, and Border Guard. It also presents data on final convictions of perpetrators of such acts. As part of the annual cycle of analysis, the developments illustrate the trends and risks to monuments and cultural assets in a given year. This complementary presentation of information about the threat to cultural heritage is important for research and policy-making aimed at developing strategies for its protection.