Mirosław Wójtowicz

The aim of this study is to determine changes in the size and structure of the main ethnic groups of foreigners living in Bremen and to calculate the changes in the level of segregation within these groups, as well as in relation to the total population of this city and the German population in the years 1979–2010. For detailed research the four largest groups of foreigners were selected: Turks, Poles, citizens of the “old EU” (EU 15) and citizens of the countries constituting the former Yugoslavia. Index of segregation (IS) indicates a relatively low level of spatial segregation of foreigners in Bremen and in the years 1979–2009 its values decreased only slightly. Only in the case of Poles and the former Yugoslavs considerable declines were recorded. The highest level of segregation was observed in the case of the Turks. This minority, in comparison to other groups of foreigners, also shows the greatest tendency to isolate, which is confirmed by high values of index of dissimilarity (ID). Immigrants from Turkey, Poland and the former Yugoslavia usually concentrate in areas with lower rents and multi-family buildings located in areas filled with post-war housing blocks outside the city center. Foreigners from the EU 15 countries tend to choose midtown neighborhoods characterized by higher rental prices. Furthermore, their level of income allows them to make housing decisions less dependent on the rent costs and may take into account other factors that ensure better living conditions.

This article presents the origins and the impact of demographic and socio-economic factors on the process of demographic ageing of the population of Cuba. The main aim of the study was to show the dynamics and regional differences in population ageing based on the W_SD dynamic ageing index_, as well as the W_SE economic ageing index.It was shown that the ageing process reveals moderate diversity of the investigated phenomenon both in the urban-rural dimension as well as at the regional level. The process of population ageing is progressing throughout the whole country and its fastest pace was recorded in the outermost provinces.However, spatial differences in the ageing process may change fundamentally in the years to come, which will result from internal regulations concerning the mobility of the population, and new business investments. As a result, spatial differences are likely to increase and the spatial image of the ageing processwill probably change.