World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory, Life expectancy, Data by country.

United Nations, Demographic yearbook 1948, UN, New York 1948.

United Nations, Demographic yearbook 1952, UN, New York 1952.

European Commission, The State of Men’s Health in Europe, Directorate-General for Health & Consumers, European Commission 2011.

Hawton K., Sex and suicide. Gender differences in suicidal behawior, „British Journal of Psychiatry” 2000; 177: 484–485.

Culbertson F.M., Depression and gender. An international review, „American Psychologist” 1997; 52 (1): 25–31.

Anderson I.M., Nutt D.J., Deakin J.F.W., Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a review of the British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines, „Psychopharmacology”2000; 14: 3–20.

Davidson J.R.T., Meltzer-Brody S.E., The under-recognition and under-treatment of depression: what is the breadth and depth of the problem? „Journal of Clinical Psychiatry” 1999; 60 (suppl. 7): 4–9.

Shiels C., Gabbay M., Dowrick C. et al., Depression in men attending a rural general practice: factors associated with prevalence of depressive symptoms and diagnosis, „The British Journal of Psychiatry” 2004; 185: 239–244.

European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, ECDC mission report. Dengue outbreak in Madeira, Portugal, ECDC, Stockholm 2013: 8.

Macintyre S., McKay L., Ellaway A., Who is more likely to experience common disorders: men, women, or both equally. Lay perception in the West of Scotland, „International Journal of Epidemiology” 2005; 34 (2): 461–466.

Scambler A., Women and health,w:Scambler G., Sociology as applied to medicine, Saunders Elsevier, Edinburgh 2008: 133–158.

World Health Organization, Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014, WHO, Geneva 2014.

Lim S.S., Vos T., Flaxman A. et al., A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2010, „Lancet” 2012; 380: 2224–2260.

Zwolinsky S., Pringle A., Daly-Smith A. et al., Associations between daily sitting time and the combinations of lifestyle risk factors in men, „Journal of Men’s Health” 2012; 9 (4): 261–267.

Pope H.G., Gruber M.J., Mangweth B. et al., Body image perception among men in three countries, „American Journal of Psychiatry” 2000; 157 (8): 1297–1301.

Kroenke K., Spitzer R.L., Gender differences in the reporting of physical and somatoform symptoms, „Psychosomatic Medicine 1998; 60 (2): 150–155.

Gerritsen A.A.M., Devillé W.L.,Gender differences in health and health care utilization in various ethnic groups in the Netherlands: a cross-sectional study, „BMC Public Health” 2009; 9:109.

Ladwig K.H., Marten-Mittag B., Formanek B. et al., Gender differences of symptom reporting and medical health care utilization in the German population, „European Journal of Epidemiology” 2000; 16 (6): 511–518.

Macintyre S., Hunt K., Sweeting H., Gender differences in health: are things as simple as they seem?, „Social Science and Medicine” 1996; 42 (4): 617–624.

Macintyre S., Ford G., Hunt K., Do women ‘over report’ morbidity? Men’s and women’s responses to structural prompting on a standard question on long standing illness, „Social Science and Medicine” 1999; 48 (1): 89–98.

Newman J.D., Davidson K.W., Ye S. et al., Gender differences in call 9-1-1- during an acute coronary syndrome, „American Journal of Cardiology” 2013; 111 (1): 58–62.

Wyke S., Hunt K., Ford G., Consulting the general practitioner for symptoms of minor illness: why are women more likely to consult?, „Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health” 1995; 49: 546.

Wyke S., Hunt K., Ford G., Gender differences in consulting a general practitioner for common symptoms of minor illness, „Social Science and Medicine” 1998; 46: 901–906.

Hunt K., Ford G., Harkins L. et al., Are women more ready to consult than men? Gender differences in general practitioner consultation for common chronic conditions, „Journal of Health Services Research and Policy” 1999; 4 (2): 96–100.

Waddell C., Floate P., Research note: gender and the utilization of health care services in Perth, Australia, „Sociology of Health and Illness” 2008; 8 (2): 170–177.

Hunt K., A generation apart? An examination of changes in gender-related experiences and health in women in early and late mid-life, „Social Science and Medicine” 2002; 54: 663–676.

Chun H., Cho S.I., Khang Y.H. et al., Trends in gender‑
-based health inequality in a transitional society: a historical analysis of South Korea, „Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health” 2012; 45 (2): 113–121.

Felix D.S., Robinson W.D., Jarzynka K.J., The Influence of Divorce on Men’s Health, „Journal of Men’s Health” 2013; 10 (1): 3–7.

Fiori K.L., Denckla C.A., Social support and mental health in middle-aged men and women: a multidimensional approach, „Journal of Aging and Health” 2012; 24 (3): 407–438.

Wojtyniak B., Sytuacja zdrowotna po 1989 r. i projekcja na przyszłość, Kongres Zdrowia Publicznego, Warszawa, 24 listopada 2014.

Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Ochrona zdrowia w gospodarstwach domowych w 2013 r., GUS, Warszawa 2014.

Narodowy Fundusz Zdrowia, Sprawozdanie z działalności Narodowego Funduszu Zdrowia za 2013 r., Warszawa 2014.

Cianciara D., Zdrowie – męska rzecz. Raport Siemensa 2012, Siemens, Warszawa 2012.

García-Calvente Mdel M., Hidalgo-Ruzzante N., Del Río-
-Lozano M. et al., Exhausted women, tough men: a qualitative study on gender differences in health, vulnerability and doping with illness in Spain, „Sociology of Health and Illnness” 2012; 34 (6): 911–926.

Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej, O roli kobiet w rodzinie, CBOS BS/30/2013, Warszawa 2013.

Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Rocznik demograficzny 2014, GUS, Warszawa 2014.

Titkow A., Duch-Krzystoszek D., Budrowska B.,Nieodpłatna praca kobiet – mity, realia, perspektywy, IFiS PAN, Warszawa 2004.

Davidson K.W., Trudean K.J., van Roosmalen E. et al., Gender as a determinant and implications for health education, „Health Education and Behavior” 2006; 33 (6): 731–743

Vlassoff C., Gender differences in determinants and consequences of health and illness, „Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition” 2007; 25 (1): 46–61.

Robertson S., Theories of Masculinities and Men’s Health-
-Seeking Practices, Nowhere Man Press 2009.

Skoczylas Ł., Hegemoniczna męskość i dywidenda patriarchatu. O społecznej teorii płci kulturowej Raewyn Connell, „Refleksje” 2011; 4: 11–18.

Skucha M., Męskości nowoczesne? Wiek XIX, „Wielogłos” 2012; 11 (1): 7–9.

Courtenay W.H., Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men’s well-being: a theory of gender and health, „Social Science and Medicine” 2000; 50 (10): 1385–1401.

Mathewson S.H., Man is the remedy of man: constructions of masculinity and health-related behaviour among young men in Dakar, Senegal, London School of Economics and Political Science, Development Studies Institute, London 2009.

Sanocka K., Stereotypy płci w czytankach – wybrane przykłady zmian zachodzących w polskich szkołach, „Palimpsest. Czasopismo Socjologiczne” 2012; 3: 3–14.

Moynihan C., Theories of masculinity, „BMJ” 1998; 317 (7165): 1072–1075.

Bottorff J.L., Oliffe J.L., Robinson C.A. et al., Gender relations and health research: a review of current practices, „International Journal for Equity in Health” 2011; 10: 60.

Landman M., Getting quality in qualitative research: A short introduction to feminist methodology and methods, „Proceedings of the Nutrition Society” 2006; 65: 429–433.

Annandale E., Hunt K., Gender inequalities in health: research at the crossroads, w: Annandale E., Hunt K. (red.), Gender inequalities in health, Open University Press, Buckingham 2000.

Brown T.H., Hargrove T.W., Multidimensional approaches to examining gender and racial/ethnic stratification in health, „Women, Gender, and Families of Color” 2013; 1 (2): 180–206.

World Health Organization, Fatherhood and health outcomes in Europe, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen 2007.

Backhans M.C., Lundberg M., Månsdotter A., Does increased gender equality lead to a convergence of health outcomes for men and women? A study of Swedish municipalities, „Social Science and Medicine” 2007; 64 (9): 1892–1903.

Zosuls K.M., Miller C.F., Ruble D.N. et al., Gender Development Research in Sex Roles: Historical Trends and Future Directions, „Sex Roles” 2011; 64 (11–12): 826–842.

Nathanson C.A., Illness and the feminine role: a theoretical review, „Social Science and Medicine” 1975; 9: 57–62.

Nathanson C.A., Sex roles as variables in preventive health behavior, „Journal of Community Health” 1977; 3 (2): 142–155.

Clarke J.N., Sexism, feminism and medicalism: a decade review of literature on gender and illness, „Sociology of Health and Illness” 1983; 5 (1): 62–82.

López Ramírez T., Androcentric and sociocentric approaches to the history of medicine, „Revista de la Sociaded Vene­zolana de Historia de la Medicina” 1992; 41 (61): 42–52.

Rosser S.V., Women’s Health – Missing from U.S. Medicine, Indiana University Press, Blommington & Indianapolis 1994.

US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, General consideration for the clinical evaluation of drugs. Good guidance practices, FDA, Rockville 1977.

United States General Accounting Office, Women’s health. FDA needs to ensure more study of gender differences in prescription drug testing, October 1992.

US Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration, Guideline for the study and evaluation of gender differences in the clinical evaluation of drugs, July 1993.

Mastroianni A.C., Faden R., Federman D. (red.), Committee on Ethical and Legal Issues Relating to the Inclusion of Women in Clinical Studies, Institute of Medicine, Women and Health Research: Ethical and Legal Issues of Including Women in Clinical Studies, Volume 1, National Academy Press, Washington 1994.

Mastroianni A.C., Faden R., Federman D. (red.), Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Ethical and Legal Issues Relating to the Inclusion of Women in Clinical Studies, Women and Health Research: Ethical and Legal Issues of Including Women in Clinical Studies: Volume 2: Workshop and Commissioned Papers, National Academy Press, Washington 1998. 


Geller S.E., Adams M.G., Carnes M., Adherence to Federal Guidelines for Reporting of Sex and Race/Ethnicity in Clinical Trials, „Journal of Women’s Health” 2006; 15 (10): 1123–1131.

Kim E.S.H., Carrigan T.P., Menon V., Enrollment of women in National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-Funded Cardiovascular Randomized Controlled Trials. Fails to meet current federal mandates for inclusion, „Journal of American College of Cardiology” 2008; 52 (8): 672–673.

Blehar M.C., Spong C., Grady C. et al., Enrolling pregnant women: issues in clinical research, „Womens Health Issues” 2013; 23 (1): e39–e45.

Food and Drug Administration, Participation of Females in Clinical Trials and Gender Analysis of Data in Biologic Product Applications, 29.01.2015.

Levack B.P., Polowanie na czarownice w Europie wczesnonowożytnej, Ossolineum, Wrocław 2009.

Wong Y.L., Mainstreaming the Gender Perspective into the Health Sector, UN CSW Expert Group Meeting on Women and Health, September 1998.

Gahagen J., Gray K., Whynacht A., Sex and gender matter in health research addressing health inequalities in health reporting, „International Journal for Equity in Health” 2015; 14: 12.

Hawkes S., Buse K., Gender and global health: evidence, policy, and inconvenient truths, „Lancet” 2013; 381: 1783–1787.

Baggio G., Corsini A., Floreani A. et al., Gender medicine: a task for the third millennium, „Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine” 2013; 51 (4): 713–727.

Wong Y.L., Gender issues in medical and public health education, „Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health” 2000; 12 (suppl.): 74–77.

World Health Organization, Integrating gender into the curricula for health professionals. Meeting report 4–6 December, Department of Gender, Women and Health, Geneva 2006.

On Board Public Relations, Zaburzenia seksualne u mężczyzn – obraz problemu oczami kobiet i mężczyzn malowany. Raport o zdrowiu Polaków, Warszawa lipiec 2012.

Urban E., Piotrowicz M., Cianciara D., Gajewska M., Lewtak K., Zainteresowanie problematyką zdrowia kobiet oraz mężczyzn – ilościowa i jakościowa analiza publikacji w wybranych bazach bibliograficznych on-line,w: Cianciara D. (red.), Nie ma zdrowia bez badań w dziedzinie zdrowia publicznego, Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego – Państwowy Zakład Higieny, Warszawa 2014: 222–239.

World Health Organization, Madrid statement. Mainstreaming gender equity in health: the need to move foreward, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen 2001.