FAQ

Health Sector responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada – January to May 2020

Data publikacji: 2020

Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie, 2020, Tom 18, Numer 1, s. 106 - 120

https://doi.org/10.4467/20842627OZ.20.010.12664

Autorzy

,
Iwona A. Bielska
Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University; Kanada
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University; Kanada
Wszystkie publikacje autora →
,
Derek R. Manis
Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University; Kanada
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University; Kanada
Wszystkie publikacje autora →
,
Connie Schumacher
Department of Nursing, Brock University; Kanada
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University; Kanada
Wszystkie publikacje autora →
,
Emily Moore
Department of Psychology, McGill University; Kanada
Wszystkie publikacje autora →
,
Kaitlin Lewis
M.G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University; Kanada
Wszystkie publikacje autora →
,
Gina Agarwal
Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University; Kanada
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University; Kanada
Wszystkie publikacje autora →
,
Shawn Mondoux
Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Kanada
Wszystkie publikacje autora →
,
Lauren Jewett
Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Kanada, University of Toronto
, Kanada
Wszystkie publikacje autora →
,
David J. Speicher
Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton; Kanada
M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University; Kanada
Wszystkie publikacje autora →
,
Rebecca H. Liu
Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Kanada, University of Toronto
, Kanada
Women’s College Hospital Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care; Kanada
Wszystkie publikacje autora →
,
Matthew Leyenaar
Women’s College Hospital Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care; Kanada
Wszystkie publikacje autora →
,
Brent McLeod
Hamilton Paramedic Service; Kanada
Hamilton Niagara Haldimand Brant - Emergency Services Steering Committee; Kanada
Wszystkie publikacje autora →
Suneel Upadhye
Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Kanada
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University; Kanada
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Tytuły

Health Sector responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada – January to May 2020

Abstrakt

The first positive case of COVID-19 in Canada was reported on January 25, 2020, in the city of Toronto, Ontario. Over the following four months, the number of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in Ontario grew to 28,263 cases. A state of emergency was announced by the Premier of Ontario on March 17, 2020, and the provincial health care system prepared for a predicted surge of COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization. The Chief Medical Officer of Health and the Minister of Health guided the changes in the system in response to the evolving needs and science related to COVID-19. The pandemic required a rapid, concerted, and coordinated effort from all sectors of the system to optimize and maximize the capacity of the health system. The response to the pandemic in Ontario was complex with some sectors experiencing multiple outbreaks of COVID-19 (i.e. long-term care homes and hospitals). Notably, numerous sectors shifted to virtual delivery of care. By the end of May 2020, it was announced that hospitals would gradually resume postponed or cancelled services. This paper explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on multiple health system sectors (i.e., public health, primary care, long-term care, emergency medical services, and hospitals) in Ontario from January to May 2020. Given the scope of the sectors contributing to the health system in Ontario, this analysis of a regional response to COVID-19 provides insight on how to improve responses and better prepare for future health emergencies.

Bibliografia

1. Huang C., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Zhao J., Hu Y. et al., Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, “The Lancet” 2020.

2. Government of Canada, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update 2020, https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection.html (accessed: 1.06.2020).

3. DeClerq K., First “presumptive” Canadian case of coronavirus confirmed in Toronto, CTV News 2020, https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/first-presumptive-canadian-case-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-toronto-1.4783484 (accessed: 23.05.2020).

4. Statistics Canada, Population and demography statistics 2019, https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/subjects-start/population_and_demography (accessed: 23.05.2020).

5. Public Health Ontario, COVID-19 in Ontario: January 15, 2020 to May 31, 2020, ON: Government of Ontario, Toronto 2020.

6. LaSelva S.V., Federalism as a way of life: Reflections on the Canadian experiment, “Canadian Journal of Political Science” 1993; 26: 219–234.

7. Government of Canada, Canada Health Act 1985, https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/C-6.pdf (accessed: 19.05.2020).

8. Deber R.B., Gamble B., Mah C.L., Canada: variations on a common theme, “Italian Journal of Public Health” 2010; 7: 336–343.

9. Government of Ontario, Health Protection and Promotion Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.7., Government of Ontario 1990, https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90h07 (accessed: 20.05.2020).

10. Government of Ontario, Ministry of Health, Government of Ontario 2020, https://www.ontario.ca/page/ministry-health (accessed: 30.05.2020).

11. Government of Ontario, Ministry of Long-Term Care, Government of Ontario 2020, https://www.ontario.ca/page/ministry-long-term-care (accessed: 30.05.2020).

12. CHCH Staff, Ontario Premier Doug Ford makes major changes in cabinet shuffle, CHCH News 2019, https://www.chch.com/ontario-premier-doug-ford-to-shuffle-cabinet/ (accessed: 30.05.2020).

13. Ministry of Health, Building a Connected Public Health Care System for the Patient, Government of Ontario 2019, https://news.ontario.ca/mohltc/en/2019/02/building-a-connected-public-health-care-system-for-the-patient.html (accessed: 30.05.2020).

14. Association of Local Public Health Agencies, Milestones and History, “ALPHA” 2020. https://www.alphaweb.org/page/PHU (accessed: 29.05.2020).

15. Ministry of Health, Ministry of Long-Term Care, Chief Medical Officer, Government of Ontario 2018, http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/common/ministry/cmoh.aspx (accessed: 31.05.2020).

16. Government of Ontario, Public Health in Ontario, Government of Ontario 2019, https://www.ontario.ca/page/public-health-ontario (accessed: 31.05.2020).

17. Public Health Ontario, Our Organization, Government of Ontario 2019, https://www.publichealthontario.ca/About/Our%20Organization (accessed: 30.05.2020).

18. Ministry of Health, Ontario takes steps to safeguard the health of the public against the coronavirus, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/mohltc/en/2020/01/statement-by-deputy-premier-and-minister-of-health-christine-elliott.html (accessed: 28.05.2020).

19. Ministry of Health, Ontario Confirms First Case of Wuhan Novel Coronavirus, Government of Ontario 2020. https://news.ontario.ca/mohltc/en/2020/01/ontario-confirms-first-case-of-wuhan-novel-coronavirus.html (accessed: 21.05.2020).

20. Government of Ontario, How Ontario is responding to COVID-19, Government of Ontario 2020, https://www.ontario.ca/page/how-ontario-is-responding-covid-19?_ga=2.157337725.6120681.1591265131-1452868416.1591265131 (accessed: 21.05. 2020).

21. Ministry of Health, Ontario Confirms New Positive Cases of COVID-19, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/mohltc/en/2020/03/ontario-confirms-new-positive-case-of-covid-19-2.html (accessed: 21.05.2020).

22. Ministry of Health, Ontario Implementing Enhanced Measures to Safeguard Public from COVID-19, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/mohltc/en/2020/03/ontario-implementing-enhanced-measures-to-safeguard-public-from-covid-19.html (accessed: 20.05.2020).

23. Ministry of Health, Enhanced Response Structure for COVID-19, Government of Ontario 2020, http://files.news.ontario.ca.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/mohltc/en/learnmore/ontario_implementing_enhanced_measures_to_safeguard
_public_from_covid-19/Governance%20Model%20Picture%20V%202.1%202020-03-01%20HartleyJ.pdf?_ga=2.197568232.6120681.1591265131-1452868416.1591265131 (accessed: 20.05.2020).

24. Ministry of Health, Ministry of Long-Term Care, COVID-19 Orders, Directives, Memorandums and Other Resources, Government of Ontario 2020, http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/publichealth/coronavirus/dir_mem_res.aspx (accessed: 29.05.2020).

25. Ministry of Health, Ontario Hospitals Asked to Take a Planned Approach to Ramping Down Elective Surgeries, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/mohltc/en/2020/03/ontario-hospitals-asked-to-take-a-planned-approach-to-ramping-down-elective-surgeries.html (accessed: 21.05.2020).

26. Ministry of Health, Enhanced Measures to Protect Ontarians from COVID-19, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/mohltc/en/2020/03/enhanced-measures-to-protect-ontarians-from-covid-19.html (accessed: 28.05.2020).

27. Office of the Premier, Statement from Premier Ford, Minister Elliott, and Minister Lecce on the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19), Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2020/03/title.html (accessed: 29.05.2020).

28. Office of the Premier, Ontario Enacts Declaration of Emergency to Protect the Public, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2020/03/ontario-enacts-declaration-of-emergency-to-protect-the-public.html (accessed: 28.06.2020).

29. Williams D.C., Directive #2 for Health Care Providers (Regulated Health Professionals or Persons who operate a Group Practice of Regulated Health Professionals), Issued 19.03.2020, ON: Government of Ontario, Toronto 2020.

30. Marchand-Senécal X., Kozak R., Mubareka S., Salt N., Gubbay J.B., Eshaghi A. et al., Diagnosis and Management of First Case of COVID-19 in Canada: Lessons applied from SARS, Clinical Infectious Diseases 2020, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa227

31. Public Health Ontario, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Testing, Government of Ontario 2020, https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory Services/Test Information Index/Wuhan Novel Coronavirus (accessed: 21.05.2020).

32. Public Health Agency of Canada, Interim national case definition: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), Government of Canada 2020, https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/health-professionals/national-case-definition.html (accessed: 21.05.2020).

33. Government of Ontario, COVID-19 self-assessment 2020, https://covid-19.ontario.ca/self-assessment/ (accessed: 27.05.2020).

34. Ministry of Health, Ontario Significantly Enhancing COVID-19 Screening Measures and Supports, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/mohltc/en/2020/03/ontario-significantly-enhancing-covid-19-screening-measures-and-supports.html (accessed: 28.05.2020).

35. Ministry of Health, Ontario Increasing Public Health Units’ Capacity to Stop COVID-19, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/mohltc/en/2020/04/ontario-increasing-public-health-units-capacity-to-stop-covid-19.html (accessed: 23.05.2020).

36. Health Canada, Testing devices for use against coronavirus (COVID-19): List of authorized devices, Government of Canada 2020, https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/medical-devices/covid-19/diagnostic-devices-authorized.html (accessed: 26.05.2020).

37. Public Health Ontario, Prevention and Management of COVID-19 in Long-Term Care and Retirement Homes, ON: Government of Ontario, Toronto 2020.

38. Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton’s primary care team integral to HHS’ COVID response, Hamilton Health Sciences 2020, http://www.hamiltonhealthsciences.ca/share/hamiltons-primary-care-covid-response/ (accessed: 27.05.2020).

39. Donovan K., How Ontario turned the tide on a huge backlog of COVID-19 tests, The Star 2020, https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/04/04/how-ontario-turned-the-tide-on-a-huge-backlog-of-covid-19-tests.html (accessed: 21.05.2020).

40. Government of Ontario, Protecting Ontarians Through Enhanced Testing, ON: Government of Ontario, Toronto 2020.

41. Statistics Canada, Population Estimates, quarterly, Table: 17-10-0009-01 Q1 2020 2020, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 (accessed: 19.05.2020).

42. Ministry of Health, Province Developing New Health Data Platform to Help Defeat COVID-19, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/mohltc/en/2020/04/province-developing-new-health-data-platform-to-help-defeat-covid-19.html (accessed: 20.05.2020).

43. Ministry of Health, Ontario Appoints Special Advisor to Develop Health Data Platform, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/mohltc/en/2020/06/ontario-appoints-special-advisor-to-develop-health-data-platform.html (accessed: 27.05.2020).

44. Ontario Medical Association, OMA Supports Province’s New Measures for COVID-19 Assessment, Ontario Medical Association 2020, https://www.oma.org/section/news-&-events/oma-supports-provinces-new-measures-for-covid-19-assessment?type=news_items (accessed: 23.05.2020).

45. Ministry of Health, COVID-19 Guidance: Primary Care Providers in a Community Setting, Toronto ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

46. Ministry of Health, Ministry of Long-Term Care, OHIP – Bulletins – Health Care Professionals, Government of Ontario 2020, http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/ohip/bulletins/4000/bul4745.aspx (accessed: 04.06.2020).

47. Canadian Medical Association, Virtual care in Canada: discussion paper, ON: Canadian Medical Association, Ottawa 2019.

48. Greenhalgh T., Koh G.C.H., Car J., Covid-19: a remote assessment in primary care, “BMJ” 2020; 368: m1182, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1182 (accessed: 04.06.2020).

49. Bogler T., Bogler O., Interim schedule for pregnant women and children during the COVID-19 pandemic, “Canadian Family Physician” 2020; 66: e155–161.

50. Ontario Telemedicine Network, Important COVID-19 Information and Updates, Government of Ontario 2020, https://otn.ca/covid-19/ (accessed: 25.05.2020).

51. TELUS Health, What is virtual care?, TELUS 2020, https://www.telus.com/en/health/covid19-virtualcare (accessed: 25.05.2020).

52. Novari Health Inc., Novari eVisit G2 Virtual Care, Novari EVisit 2020, https://www.novarievisit.ca/g2/ (accessed: 25.05.2020).

53. Ontario Virtual Care Clinic, See a Doctor by Video, Government of Ontario 2020, https://seethedoctor.ca/ (accessed: 25.05.2020).

54. OntarioMD, New Ontario Virtual Care Clinic slowly ramping up, OntarioMD 2020, https://www.ontariomd.ca/pages/new-ontario-virtual-care-clinic-adjusts-hours-of-operation-.aspx (accessed: 25.05.2020).

55. Jones K., Deploying virtual care in the battle against COVID-19, “Hospital News” 2020, https://hospitalnews.com/deploying-virtual-care-in-the-battle-against-covid-19/ (accessed: 29.05.2020).

56. McMaster Family Practice Medical Director, Personal Communication (8.04.2020) 2020.

57. Ministry of Health, COVID-19 Fact Sheet: Resources for Ontarians Experiencing Mental Health and Addictions Issues During the Pandemic, ON: Government of Ontario Toronto 2020.

58. Wellness Together Canada, About Wellness Together Canada, Wellness Together Canada 2020, https://ca.portal.gs/ (accessed: 20.05.2020).

59. Office of the Premier, Ontario Expands Virtual Mental Health Services During COVID-19, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2020/05/ontario-expands-virtual-mental-health-services-during-covid-19.html (accessed: 23.05.2020).

60. Office of the Premier, Ontario Increasing Mental Health Support During COVID-19, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2020/04/ontario-increasing-mental-health-support-during-covid-19.html (accessed: 23.05.2020).

61. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, COVID-19 information for healthcare professionals, CAMH 2020, https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-health-and-covid-19/information-for-professionals (accessed: 23.05.2020).

62. Ministry of Health, Memorandum (17.04.2020): COVID-19 Plan for Home and Community Care, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

63. Ministry of Health, Supporting Expansion of Virtual Home Care Delivery (18.03. 2020), Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

64. Heckman G.A., Saari M., McArthur C., Wellens N.I.H., Hirdes J.P., RE: COVID-19 Response and Chronic Disease Management (23.03.2020), “CMAJ” 2020.

65. Ministry of Health, COVID-19 Guidance: Home and Community Care Providers, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

66. Ministry of Health, COVID-19 Updates: Visitors (13.03.2020), Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

67. Williams D.C., Directive #3 for Long-Term Care Homes under the Long-Term Care Homes Act, 2007, Issued 22.03.2020, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

68. Williams D.C., Directive #3 for Long-Term Care Homes under the Long-Term Care Homes Act, 2007, Issued 30.03.2020, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

69. Williams D.C., Directive #3 for Long-Term Care Homes under the Long-Term Care Homes Act, 2007, Issued 8.04.2020, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

70. Williams D.C., Directive #3 for Long-Term Care Homes under the Long-Term Care Homes Act, 2007, Issued 15.04.2020, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

71. Williams D.C., Directive #3 for Long-Term Care Homes under the Long-Term Care Homes Act, 2007, Issued 21.05.2020, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

72. Williams D.C., Directive #3 for Long-Term Care Homes under the Long-Term Care Homes Act, 2007, Issued 23.05.2020, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

73. Ministry of Health, Guidance for mask use in long- term care homes and retirement homes, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

74. Government of Ontario, Temporary Pause on Transitioning Hospital Patients to Long-Term Care and Retirement Homes (15.04.2020), Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

75. Ministry of Health, Transfer of Hospital Patients to Retirement Homes (23.04.2020), Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

76. Ministry of Health, Testing in Long-Term Care Homes (21.04.2020), Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

77. Ministry of Health, COVID-19 Screening Tool for Long-Term Care Homes and Retirement Homes, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

78. Office of the Premier, Ontario Takes Further Action to Protect Seniors and Staff in Long-Term Care Homes during COVID-19 Outbreak, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2020/05/ontario-takes-further-action-to-protect-seniors-and-staff-in-long-term-care-homes-during-covid-19-ou.html (accessed: 29.05.2020).

79. Office of the Premier, Ontario Takes Steps to Better Protect Long-Term Care Residents and Staff During the COVID-19 Outbreak, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2020/05/ontario-takes-steps-to-better-protect-long-term-care-residents-and-staff-during-the-covid-19-outbrea.html (accessed: 30.05.2020).

80. Mialkowski C., OP LASER – JTFC Observations in Long Term Care Facilities in Ontario, Toronto, ON: 4th Canadian Division Joint Task Force, 2020.

81. Ontario Taking Action at High Risk Long-Term Care Homes, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2020/05/ontario-taking-action-at-high-risk-long-term-care-homes.html (accessed: 29.05.2020).

82. Ministry of Health, COVID-19 Outbreak Guidance for Long Term Care Homes (LTCH) (15.04.2020), Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

83. DeClerq K., Ontario admits to “staffing crisis” in long-term care homes before COVID-19 pandemic began, CTV News 2020, https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/ontario-admits-to-staffing-crisis-in-long-term-care-homes-before-covid-19-pandemic-began-1.4958223?cache=sgjigezwskldpu%3Fot%3DAjaxLayout%3FautoPlay%3Dtrue%3FautoPlay%3Dtrue (accessed: 31.05.2020).

84. Ministry of Health, Hospital Supports for Long-Term Care (17.04.2020), Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

85. Office of the Premier, Ontario Calls on all Health Care Workers to Help Fight COVID-19, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2020/04/ontario-calls-on-all-health-care-workers-to-help-fight-covid-19.html (accessed: 30.05.2020).

86. Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario, COVID-19 VIANurse Program: Calling on RNs, NPs and nursing students to help, RNAO 2020, https://rnao.ca/news/covid-19-vianurse-program-calling-rns-nps-and-nursing-students-help (accessed: 30.05.2020).

87. La Grassa J., Hamilton hospitals launch virtual care with senior homes during COVID-19 outbreaks, CBC News 2020, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/hamilton-hospitals-launch-virtual-care-with-senior-homes-during-covid-19-outbreaks-1.5539015 (accessed: 28.05.2020).

88. Ball V., Thompson B., Connection to family brings joy to residents, “Simcoe Reformer” 2020, https://www.simcoereformer.ca/news/local-news/connection-to-family-brings-joy-to-residents (accessed: 3.06.2020).

89. Osman L., Already stretched, paramedic services feeling bigger crunch from COVID-19, CTV News 2020, https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/already-stretched-paramedic-services-feeling-bigger-crunch-from-covid-19-1.4866170 (accessed: 30.05.2020).

90. Medical Advisory Committee, Considerations for Paramedics Managing Patients with Possible Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV), Ontario Base Hospital Group 2020.

91. Ministry of Health, COVID-19 Screening Tool for Paramedics, Government of Ontario 2020, http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/emergency_health/edu/COVID_19_screening.aspx (accessed: 31.05.2020).

92. Williams D.C., Directive #4 for Ambulance Services and Paramedics under the Ambulance Act, Issued 24.03.2020, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

93. Emergency Health Regulatory and Accountability Branch, Ministry of Health, Assessment of Patients with Possible COVID-19 Medical Directive – AUXILIARY, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

94. Ontario Base Hospital Group, Memorandum: Assessment of Patients with Possible COVID-19 Medical Directive – Auxiliary, 2020.

95. CSA Group, Community paramedicine: Framework for program development, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2017.

96. Home and Community Care Branch, Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, Community Paramedicine: Framework for Planning, Implementation and Evaluation, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

97. OrilliaMatters Staff, Local paramedics adapt to serve the vulnerable amid pandemic, OrilliaMattersCom 2020, https://www.orilliamatters.com/coronavirus-covid-19-local-news/local-paramedics-adapt-to-serve-the-vulnerable-amid-pandemic-2396310 (accessed: 31.05.2020).

98. McDermott M., Renfrew County Virtual Triage centre assesses approximately 1,500 patients since go-live, Arnprior Chronicle-Guide 2020, https://www.insideottawavalley.com/news-story/9941663-renfrew-county-virtual-triage-centre-assesses-approximately-1-500-patients-since-go-live/ (accessed: 31.05.2020).

99. Agarwal G., Angeles R., Pirrie M., McLeod B., Marzanek F., Parascandalo J. et al., Reducing 9-1-1 Emergency Medical Service Calls By Implementing A Community Paramedicine Program For Vulnerable Older Adults In Public Housing In Canada: A Multi-Site Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial, “Prehospital Emergency Care” 2019; 23: 718–729, https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2019.1566421.

100. Brohman M., Green M., Dixon J., Whittaker R., Fallon L., Community Paramedicine Remote Patient Monitoring (CPRPM): Benefits Evaluation & Lessons Learned, Toronto, ON: Canada Health Infoway, 2018.

101. Glauser W., Proposed protocol to keep COVID-19 out of hospitals, “CMAJ” 2020; 192: E264–5, https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1095852.

102. Baldwin D., More testing under way locally to hunt and track virus spread in community, Belleville Intelligencer 2020, https://www.intelligencer.ca/news/local-news/more-testing-under-way-locally-to-hunt-and-track-virus-spread-in-community (accessed: 30.05.2020).

103. Standard-Freeholder Staff, Community paramedics testing for COVID-19, Hawkesbury centre to open, Cornwall Standard Freeholder 2020, https://www.standard-freeholder.com/news/local-news/community-paramedics-testing-for-covid-19-hawkesbury-centre-to-open (accessed: 30.05.2020).

104. Alex C., More COVID-19 testing now available in Thunder Bay, including weekend drive-thru tests on April 25, 26. CBC News 2020, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/thunder-bay-covid-19-testing-increased-1.5539568 (accessed: 30.05.2020).

105. Raymond T., Prescott-Russell paramedics test entire nursing home for COVID-19 in three hours, CTV News 2020, https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/prescott-russell-paramedics-test-entire-nursing-home-for-covid-19-in-three-hours-1.4910353 (accessed: 30.05.2020).

106. TbNewsWatch.com Staff, Drive-through testing to be offered in Fort William First Nation, TBNewsWatchCom 2020, https://www.tbnewswatch.com/local-news/drive-through-testing-to-be-offered-in-fort-william-first-nation-2379003 (accessed: 30.05.2020).

107. Hamilton Health Sciences, Partners combine efforts to enhance care for long term care residents, Hamilton Health Sciences 2020, https://www.hamiltonhealthsciences.ca/share/virtual-care-during-covid/ (accessed: 31.05.2020).

108. Williams D.C., Directive #5 for Hospitals within the meaning of the Public Hospitals Act, Issued 30.03.2020, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

109. Williams D.C., Directive #5 for Hospitals within the meaning of the Public Hospitals Act, Issued 31.03.2020, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

110. Williams D.C., Directive #5 for Hospitals within the meaning of the Public Hospitals Act and Long-Term Care Homes within the meaning of the Long-Term Care Homes Act, 2007, Issued 10.04.2020, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

111. University Health Network, COVID-19 Outbreak Information at UHN, UHN 2020, https://www.uhn.ca:443/Covid19/Pages/Outbreak_Information.aspx (accessed: 25.05. 2020).

112. St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Keeping Patients Safe, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton 2020, https://www.stjoes.ca/coronavirus/information-for-patients-and-visitors/keeping-patients-safe?resourceID=9122 (accessed: 25.05.2020).

113. North York General Hospital, COVID-19 Updates, North York General Hospital 2020, https://nygh.on.ca/covid-19-updates (accessed: 25.05.2020).

114. Williams D.C., Directive #1 for Health Care Providers and Health Care Entities, Issued 12.03.2020, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

115. Ministry of Health, ACES/eCTAS COVID-19 surveillance (19.03.2020), Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

116. Ministry of Health, COVID-19 Updates: Visitors at Acute Care Settings (19.03.2020), Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

117. Yang J., Why COVID-19 outbreaks in hospitals are such a thorny issue, “The Star” 2020, https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/05/12/why-are-covid-19-outbreaks-in-hospitals-such-a-thorny-issue.html (accessed: 31.05.2020).

118. Ministry of Health, Ramping Down Elective Surgeries and Other Non-Emergent Activities (15.03.2020), Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

119. The Ottawa Hospital, 2019 Novel Coronavirus, The Ottawa Hospital 2020, https://www.ottawahospital.on.ca/en/2019-novel-coronavirus/ (accessed: 25.05.2020).

120. University Health Network, COVID-19 Information at UHN, UHN 2020, https://www.uhn.ca:443/Covid19 (accessed: 25.05.2020).

121. Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, Covid-19 Information, Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre 2020, https://tbrhsc.net/covid-19-information/ (accessed: 25.05.2020).

122. St. Mary’s General Hospital. Care, Services & Support, COVID-19 Updates, St Mary’s General Hospital 2020, https://www.smgh.ca/care-services-support/covid-19-updates/ (accessed: 25.05.2020).

123. Providence Care, Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), Providence Care 2020, https://providencecare.ca/covid19/ (accessed: 25.05.2020).

124. St. Mary’s General Hospital, New! Same day online/phone visit with an Emergency Doctor, St. Mary’s General Hospital 2020, https://www.smgh.ca/new-same-day-virtual-assessment-with-a-local-ed-physician-now-available/ (accessed: 25.05.2020).

125. Office of the Premier, Ontario Significantly Expands Hospital Capacity to Prepare for Any COVID-19 Outbreak Scenario, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2020/04/ontario-significantly-expands-hospital-capacity-to-prepare-for-any-covid-19-outbreak-scenario.html (accessed: 4.06.2020).

126. Joseph Brant Hospital, Pandemic Response Unit to increase Joseph Brant Hospital’s capacity to care for patients during COVID-19, Joseph Brant Hospital 2020, http://www.josephbranthospital.ca//en/news/index.aspx?newsId=8dc57032-8fd1-4663-9c68-5b62ed4bcf61 (accessed: 29.05.2020).

127. Hamilton Health Sciences, Planning additional space for COVID-19 patients, Hamilton Health Sciences 2020, https://www.hamiltonhealthsciences.ca/share/capacity-for-covid-19-patients/ (accessed: 25.05.2020).

128. Polewski L., Mitchell D. Hamilton hospital ‘cohorts’ COVID-19 patients to limit spread, open up beds, Global News 2020, https://globalnews.ca/news/6860110/hamilton-general-hospital-cohorts-covid-19-patients/ (accessed: 30.05.2020).

129. Ministry of Health, Ontario Takes Extraordinary Steps to Ensure Health Care Resources are Available to Contain COVID-19, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/mohltc/en/2020/03/ontario-takes-extraordinary-steps-to-ensure-health-care-resources-are-available-to-contain-covid-19.html (accessed: 31.05.2020).

130. Hamilton Health Sciences, Redeployment: Frequently asked questions (FAQs), ON: Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton 2020.

131. University Health Network, Michener-led team readies redeployed workers to provide COVID-19 care, UHN 2020, https://www.uhn.ca:443/corporate/News/Pages/Michener_led_team_readies_redeployed_workers
_to_provide_COVID_19_care.aspx (accessed: 29.05.2020).

132. Howells L., Ontario gives hospitals sweeping temporary powers over staffing amid COVID-19, CBC News 2020, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-hospital-powers-redeploy-staff-covid-19-1.5506052 (accessed: 29.05.2020).

133. Pringle J., Ottawa Hospital staff receive simulated COVID-19 training, Ottawa 2020, https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/ottawa-hospital-staff-receive-simulated-covid-19-training-1.4901501 (accessed: 25.05.2020).

134. Grand River Hospital, A great escape: GRH OR and PACU teams bring a new approach to educational simulations, Grand River Hospital 2020, http://www.grhosp.on.ca/news/2020/or-pacu-escape-rooms (accessed: 30.05.2020).

135. Hamilton Health Sciences, COVID-19, Hamilton Health Sciences 2020, http://www.hamiltonhealthsciences.ca/covid19/ (accessed: 25.05.2020).

136. Niagara Health, COVID-19 – Case Reporting, Niagara Health 2020, https://www.niagarahealth.on.ca/site/covid19casereporting (accessed: 30.05.2020).

137. Niagara Health, COVID-19 outbreak declared on inpatient unit at St. Catharines Site, Niagara Health 2020, https://www.niagarahealth.on.ca/site/news/2020/04/21/-covid-19-outbreak-declared-on-inpatient-unit-at-st-catharines-site (accessed: 25.05.2020).

138. St. Mary’s General Hospital, COVID-19 Outbreaks Declared on Two Units at St. Mary’s General Hospital, St. Mary’s General Hospital 2020, https://www.smgh.ca/covid-19-outbreaks-declared-on-two-units-at-st-marys-general-hospital/ (accessed: 25.05.2020).

139. Kingston Health Sciences Centre, How can you help?, 2020, https://kingstonhsc.ca/patients-families-and-visitors/covid-19-information/how-can-you-help (accessed: 30.05.2020).

140. Hamilton Health Sciences, Guidelines for Receiving Donations to Staff from the Community, ON: Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton 2020.

141. Grand River Hospital, Grand River Hospital is reprocessing used N95 masks in preparation for global shortage, Grand River Hospital 2020, http://www.grhosp.on.ca/news/2020/grh-reprocessing-used-n95-masks (accessed: 30.05.2020).

142. Office of the Premier, Ontario Unveils Guiding Principles to Reopen the Province, Government of Ontario 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2020/04/ontario-unveils-guiding-principles-to-reopen-the-province.html (accessed: 30.05.2020).

143. Government of Ontario, A Framework for Reopening our Province, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

144. Ministry of Health, COVID-19 Operational Requirements: Health Sector Restart, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

145. Ontario Health, Memorandum (7.05.2020): A Measured Approach to Planning for Surgeries and Procedures During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

146. COVID-19 Reintroduction of Services FAQs, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton 2020, https://www.stjoes.ca/coronavirus/information-for-patients-and-visitors/covid-19-reintroduction-of-services-faqs?resourceID=9157 (accessed: 30.05.2020).

147. Hamilton Health Sciences, For Patients & Families: Resuming Scheduled Care – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ’s), ON: Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton 2020.

148. Niagara Health, Recovery planning underway, Niagara Health 2020, https://www.niagarahealth.on.ca/site/news/2020/05/08/recovery-planning-underway (accessed: 25.05.2020).

149. Mitchell D., Low staff, 83 coronavirus cases at Rosslyn retirement home in Hamilton, Ont., Global News 2020, https://globalnews.ca/news/6950440/covid-19-outbreak-rosslyn-hamilton/ (accessed: 4.06.2020).

150. Davidson S., Toronto is flattening the curve but it’s too early to ease up restrictions, top doctor says, CTV News 2020, https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/toronto-is-flattening-the-curve-but-it-s-too-early-to-ease-up-restrictions-top-doctor-says-1.4904144 (accessed: 30.05. 2020).

151. Bieman, COVID-19: London area appears to have flattened the curve, but it’s not near the bottom, “London Free Press” 2020, https://lfpress.com/news/local-news/covid-19-london-area-appears-to-have-flattened-the-curve-but-its-not-near-the-bottom (accessed: 30.05.2020).

152. Hsu A.T., Lane N., Impact of COVID-19 on residents of Canada’s long-term care homes – ongoing challenges and policy response, “International Long Term Care Policy Network” 2020: 15.

153. Public Health Ontario, COVID-19 – What We Know So Far About…Social Determinants of Health. Government of Ontario 2020. https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/diseases-and-conditions/infectious-diseases/respiratory-diseases/novel-coronavirus/what-we-know (accessed: 30.05.2020)

154. Vogel L., Canada has long way to go on virtual care, “Canadian Medical Association Journal” 2020; 192: E227–E228.

155. Williams D.C., Directive #1 for Health Care Providers and Health Care Entities – Revised 30.03.2020, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

156. Williams D.C., Directive #2 for Health Care Providers (Regulated Health Professionals or Persons who operate a Group Practice of Regulated Health Professionals), 26.05.2020, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

157. Williams D.C., Directive #4 for Ambulance Services and Paramedics under the Ambulance Act – Revised 30.03.2020, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario 2020.

158. Statistics Canada, 2016 Census – Boundary Files Provinces, Coastal waters, Rivers, Government of Canada 2016, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/geo/bound-limit/bound-limit-2016-eng.cfm (accessed: 30.05.2020).

159. Esri, ArcGIS, California: Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., Redlands 2019.

160. Public Health Ontario, COVID-19 in Ontario: January 15, 2020 to June 1, 2020, Toronto, ON: Government of Ontario, 2020.

161. Ontario GeoHub, Ministry of Health Public Health Unit Boundary, Government of Ontario 2020, https://geohub.lio.gov.on.ca/datasets/d8fba69152e4408dabfe70e85a2688d2_44 (accessed: 30.05.2020).

Informacje

Informacje: Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie, 2020, Tom 18, Numer 1, s. 106 - 120

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Tytuły:

Polski:
Health Sector responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada – January to May 2020
Angielski:

Health Sector responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada – January to May 2020

Autorzy

Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University; Kanada

Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University; Kanada

Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University; Kanada

Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University; Kanada

Department of Nursing, Brock University; Kanada

Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University; Kanada

Department of Psychology, McGill University; Kanada

M.G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University; Kanada

Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University; Kanada

Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University; Kanada

Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Kanada

Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Kanada, University of Toronto
Kanada

Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton; Kanada

M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University; Kanada

Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Kanada, University of Toronto
Kanada

Women’s College Hospital Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care; Kanada

Women’s College Hospital Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care; Kanada

Hamilton Paramedic Service; Kanada

Hamilton Niagara Haldimand Brant - Emergency Services Steering Committee; Kanada

Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Kanada

Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University; Kanada

Publikacja: 2020

Status artykułu: Otwarte __T_UNLOCK

Licencja: CC BY-NC-ND  ikona licencji

Udział procentowy autorów:

Iwona A. Bielska (Autor) - 7%
Derek R. Manis (Autor) - 7%
Connie Schumacher (Autor) - 7%
Emily Moore (Autor) - 7%
Kaitlin Lewis (Autor) - 7%
Gina Agarwal (Autor) - 7%
Shawn Mondoux (Autor) - 7%
Lauren Jewett (Autor) - 7%
David J. Speicher (Autor) - 7%
Rebecca H. Liu (Autor) - 7%
Matthew Leyenaar (Autor) - 7%
Brent McLeod (Autor) - 7%
Suneel Upadhye (Autor) - 16%

Korekty artykułu:

-

Języki publikacji:

Angielski