FAQ

Nature and intrinsic value

Data publikacji: 21.12.2020

Principia, 2020, Tom 67, s. 49 - 85

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843887PI.20.003.13833

Autorzy

Grzegorz Francuz
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Tytuły

Nature and intrinsic value

Abstrakt

Questions about the intrinsic value of nature are not only an abstract philosophical speculation, they have a practical meaning, can inspire and motivate people to act. Environmental ethics attempts to overcome the anthropocentric and personalistic attitude of traditional ethics. It emphasizes the intrinsic value of nature, value, which is independent from humans.

Within non-anthropocentric environmental ethics there are individualistic and holistic trends. Biocentric individualism raises problems with resolving conflicts of interests of different organisms, with the hierarchy of beings, while holistic ethics does not count with the well-being of individuals. Ethical holism should be contrasted with practical holism as a methodological postulate.

The pragmatic current of ecological ethics acknowledges that the good of people and the intrinsic good of nature coincide. In a pluralistic, liberal society there should be a convergence of radical, biocentric and moderate, anthropocentric concepts of ecological ethics. 

Keywords: intrinsic value, environmental ethics, anthropocentrism, biocentrism, holism, pragmatism.


Przyroda i wartość samoistna

Pytania o samoistną wartość przyrody to nie tylko abstrakcyjna spekulacja filozoficzna, mają one znaczenie praktyczne, mogą inspirować i motywować do działania. Etyka środowiskowa próbuje przezwyciężyć antropocentryczne i personalistyczne nastawienie tradycyjnej etyki. Podkreśla samoistną, niezależną od człowieka wartość przyrody.

  W ramach nieantropocentrycznej etyki środowiskowej występują nurty indywidualistyczne i holistyczne. Biocentryczny indywidualizm rodzi problemy z rozstrzyganiem konfliktów interesów różnych organizmów, z hierarchizacją istot, holistyczna etyka zaś nie liczy się z dobrem jednostek. Holizmowi etycznemu należy przeciwstawić holizm praktyczny jako postulat metodologiczny.

Na gruncie pragmatycznego nurtu etyki ekologicznej uznaje się, że dobro ludzi i samoistne dobro przyrody jest zbieżne. W pluralistycznym, liberalnym społeczeństwie powinna mieć miejsce konwergencja radykalnych, biocentrycznych oraz umiarkowanych, antropocentrycznych koncepcji etyki ekologicznej. 

Bibliografia

Jamieson,Dale (ed.) A Companion to Environmental Philosophy,Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford, Malden  2001,

Achterberg, Wouter, Can Liberal Democracy Survive The Environmental Crisis? Sustainability, liberal neutrality and overlapping consensus, in: The Politics of Nature: Explorations in Green Political Theory, ed. Andrew Dobson, Paul Lucardie, Routledge, New York 1995, p. 91-99.

Bell, Derek, How can Political Liberals be Environmentalists? “Political Studies”, 50 (4), September 2002, p. 705–707.

Bowersox, Joe, The Legitimacy Crisis in Environmental Ethics and Politics, in: Democracy and the Claims of Nature: Critical Perspectives for a New Century, ed. Ben A. Minteer, Bob Pepperman,Taylor, Rowman & Littlefield Lanham, Oxford 2002, p. 75-89.

Callicott, J. Baird, Beyond the Land Ethic: More Essays in Environmental Philosophy, State University of New York Press, Albany 1999.

Callicott, J. Baird, In Defense of the Land Ethic, State University of New York Press, Albany 1989.

Callicott, J. Baird, The Conceptual Foundations of the Land Ethic, in: Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology, ed. Michael Zimmerman, J. Baird Callicott, George Sessions, Karen J. Warren, John Clark, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs 1993.

Callicott, J. Baird, The Search for an Environmental Ethic, in:  Matters of Life and Death: New Introductory Essays in Moral Philosophy, ed. Tom Regan, McGrawHill Inc., New York 1986, p. 393-395.

Callicott, J. Baird, Thinking Like a Planet. The Land Ethic and the Earth Ethic, Oxford University Press Oxford, New York 2013.

Cohen, Andrew I.; Wellman, Christopher Heath (ed.), Contemporary Debates in Applied Ethics, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford, Malden 2005.

Callicott, J. Baird; Frodeman, Robert (ed.), Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, Macmillan Reference USA, Gale, Cengage Learning, London, New York 2009.

WarwickFox (ed.), Ethics and the Built Environment Ethics, Routledge, London, New York 2000.

Ferry, Luc, The New Ecological Order, trans. Volk, Carol, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1995.

Francuz, Grzegorz, Strategie przypisywania statusu moralnego istotom żywym, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Opolskiego, Opole 2011.

Greene, Mark, On the Origin of Species Notions and Their Ethical Limitations, in: The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics, ed. Tom L. Beauchamp, Raymond G. Frey, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York 2011.

John Paul II, Encyclical Sollicitudo rei socialis, p. 29 and http://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_30121987_sollicitudo-rei-socialis.html (12. 12. 2019); Encyclical Centesimus annus, p. 37 http://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_01051991_centesimus-annus.html (12. 12. 2019).

Kant, Immanuel, Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals, Wood, Allen W. (ed. and trans.), Yale University Press, New Haven and London 2002.

Kates, Robert W.; Parris, Thomas M.; Leiserowitz, Anthony A., Whatis Sustainable Development? Goals, Indicators, Values, and Practice, "Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development” Vol. 47, Issue 3, 2005, p. 8-21.

Ouderkirk, Wayne; Hill, Jim (ed.), Land, Value, Community. Callicott and Environmental Philosophy, State University of New York Press, Albany 2002.

Rozzi, Ricardo; Pickett, S.T.A.; Palmer, Clare; Armesto, Juan J.; Callicott, J. Baird (ed.), Linking Ecology and Ethics for a Changing World Values, Philosophy, and Action, Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London 2013.

Majcherek, Janusz A., Człowiek, przyroda, moralność, Księgarnia Akademicka, Kraków 2018

Moore, George E., The Conception of Intrinsic Value, in: George E. Moore, Philosophical Studies, Routledge, London 1922.

Norton, Bryan, Toward Unity Among Environmentalists, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York 1991.

Norton, Bryan G., Searching for Sustainability: Interdisciplinary Essays in the Philosophy of Conservation Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003.

Norton, Bryan G., Why Preserve Natural Diversity? Princeton University Press, Princeton 1987.

Nozick, Robert, Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Blackwell Publishers Ltd., Oxford 1999.

 O’Neill, John; Holland, Alan; Light, Andrew; Environmental Values, Routledge New York, London 2008.

Ophuls, William, Unsustainable Liberty, Sustainable Freedom, in: Building Sustainable Societies: A Blueprint for a Post-Industrial World, ed. Dennis C. Pirages, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, New York, London 1996, p. 33-34.

Our Common Future. World Commission on Environment and Development, Oxford University Press, Oxford New York 1987.

Passmore John, Man's Responsibility for Nature: Ecological Problems and Western Traditions, Scribner's, New York 1974.

Rawls, John, Political liberalism, Columbia University Press New York 1996.

Regan, Tom, All That Dwell Therein: Animal rights and environmental ethics, The University of California Press, Los Angeles 1982.

Regan, Tom, The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press Berkeley 1983.

Rolston, Holmes III, Conserving Natural Values, Colombia University Press New York 1994.

Rolston, Holmes III, Environmental Ethics, Temple University Press, Philadelphia 1988.

Rolston, Holmes III, Environmental Ethics: Values in and Duties to the Natural World, in: Ecology, Economics, Ethics: The Broken Circle, ed. F. Herbert Bormann, Stephen R. Kellert, New Haven& London:Yale University Press 1991, p. 78-81.

Rolston, Holmes III, Philosophy Gone Wild: Environmental Ethics, Prometheus Books Buffalo, New York 1989.

Schweitzer, Albert, An Anthology, ed. Charles R. Joy, The Beacon Press, Boston 1947.

Scruton, Robert, How to Think Seriously about the Planet: The Case for an Environmental Conservatism, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York 2012.

Skolimowski, Henryk, Living Philosophy: Eco-philosophy As a Tree of Life, Arkana, London 1992.

Taylor, Paul, Respect for Nature, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1986.

Regan, Tom, The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, Berkeley 1983.

White, Lynn A., The Historical Roots of our Ecological Crisis, "Science", March 10, vol. 155, 1967.

Zimmerman, Michael J.; Bradley, Ben, Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Value, in: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 Edition), ed. Edward N. Zalta, URL = https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/value-intrinsic-extrinsic/

Informacje

Informacje: Principia, 2020, Tom 67, s. 49 - 85

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Tytuły:

Polski:

Nature and intrinsic value

Angielski:

Nature and intrinsic value

Publikacja: 21.12.2020

Status artykułu: Otwarte __T_UNLOCK

Licencja: CC BY-NC-ND  ikona licencji

Udział procentowy autorów:

Grzegorz Francuz (Autor) - 100%

Korekty artykułu:

-

Języki publikacji:

Angielski

Liczba wyświetleń: 913

Liczba pobrań: 1372

<p> Nature and intrinsic value</p>