FAQ

Putting a Price Tag on Human Rights. An Anthropological Perspective on Nestle’s Drinking Water Privatisation in Pakistan

Data publikacji: 2017

Prace Etnograficzne, 2017, Tom 45, Numer 2, s. 175 - 195

https://doi.org/10.4467/22999558.PE.17.009.7904

Autorzy

Julia Winschewski
Institut für Film-, Theater- und empirische Kulturwissenschaft Johannes- Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Germany
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Tytuły

Putting a Price Tag on Human Rights. An Anthropological Perspective on Nestle’s Drinking Water Privatisation in Pakistan

Abstrakt

In the 21st century, the time of globalisation, capitalism and rising populations, resources are running low and for many rural communities, natural resource exploitations and therefore insecurities become a real danger. Due to the groundwater exploitation in Pakistan, dwells in small villages dry out or become inaccessible to the local inhabitants, which forces them to drink polluted surface water in order to survive. Having to drink polluted surface water results in rising number of diseases in these areas. With the help of Critical Discourse Analysis, this essay aims to analyse the power relations and interconnectedness of the different discourse partakers’ lines of argumentations on the privatisation of natural resources by applying Foucauldian Perspective to the given context. The lines of argumentation will be explored on behalf of the example of Nestle’s drinking water privatisation practices in Pakistan. Firstly, it will provide a short introduction of the anthropological perspective on resource insecurities. To adequately analyse the discourse, following questions will be taken into consideration: Can water be considered as a human right? What is an anthropological perspective on resource insecurities? How is the current drinking water situation in Pakistan? How is Nestle privatising ground water in Pakistan and what are the consequences for the native inhabitants? How are CEO’s, NGO’s, activists, locals and governments reacting to this situation? How can power relations between these actors be uncovered and how do different partakers position themselves in a social context? Conclusively, this essay will take an outlook on possible solutions that are being proposed by different respective actors, such as environmental activists, governments and corporations. It is hoped that this essay will give readers a general overview on the current situation and practices of resource privatisation seen from both an anthropological and an analytical perspective.

Bibliografia

Bartel D., Ullrich P., Ehrlich K., Kritische Diskursanalyse: Darstellung anhand der Analyse der Nahostberichterstattung linker Medien In Kritik mit Methode?: Forschungsmethoden und Gesellschaftskritik, ed. U. Frelkamp, M. Leanza, J. Mende, Berlin, 2008, p. 53–72.

Butterley J., Sheperd J., Hunger: the Biology and Politics of Starvation, Hanover, NH, 2010

Checkley W. et al., Effect of Water and Sanitation on Childhood Health in a Poor Peruvian Peri-urban Community, “Lancet”, Vol. 363, 2004, p. 112–118.

Devereux S., Theories of Famine, New York, 1993

Escobar A., Encountering Development, Princeton, 2012

Evans T., International Human Rights Law as Power/Knowledge, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol. 27, 2005, p. 1046–1068.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2001, Rome, 2002

Farmer P., Clinton B., To Repair the World. Paul Farmer Speaks to the Next Generation, California, 2013

Ferry E.E., Limbert M.E., Introduction, [in:] The Politics of Resources and Their Temporalities, ed. T. Assets, Santa Fe, 2008, p. 3–24.

“Financial Times”, Last Allies Pull Out of North Iraq, 16 July 1991, p. 6

Foucault M., Der Fall Riviere. Materialien zum Verhältnis von Psychatrie und Strafjustiz, Frankfurt am Main, 1975

Foucault M., Überwachen und Strafen. Die Geburt des Gefängnisses, Frankfurt am Main, 1976

Freeman M., Human Rights: An Interdisciplinary Approach, Cambridge, 2002

General Assembly Resolution, 2200 A (XXI) of December 16, 1966; ICescR entered into force on January 03, 1976 U.N. Doc. A/RES/2200 A (XXI).

Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment (Report), World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund: Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council, New York–Geneva, 2000

Government of Pakistan (Ministry of Environment / Pakistan Environment Protection Agency), Clean Drinking Water Initiative Project, Revised PC-I, Vol. 4, Islamabad, 2003

Government of Pakistan (Ministry of Water and Power / Office of the Chief Engineering Advisor / Chairman Federal Flood Commission), Pakistan Water Sector Strategy – Detailed Strategy Formulation, Vol. 4, 111, Islamabad, 2002

Hadley C., Crooks D.L., Coping and the Biosocial Con-sequences of Food Insecurity in the 21st Century, “Yearbook of Physical Anthropology”, Vol. 149(S55) 2012, p. 72–94.

Hadley C., Wutich A., Experience-based Measures of Food and Water Security: Biocultural Approaches to Grounded Measures of Insecurity, “Human Organization”, Vol. 68, 2009, p. 451–460.

Hasan K.Z. et al., Lack of Impact of a Water and Sanitation Intervention on the Nutritional Status of Children in Rural Bangladesh, “European Journal of Clinical Nutrition”, Vol. 43, 1989, p. 837–843.

Lansing J.S., Balinese “Water Temples” and the Management of Irrigation, “American Anthropologist”, Vol. 89, 1987, p. 326–341.

Lansing J.S., Kremer J.N., Emergent Properties of Balinese Water Temple Networks: Coadaptation on a ­Rugged Fitness Landscape, “American Anthropologist”, Vol. 95, 1993, p. 97–114.

Little M.A., Leslie P.W., Turkana Herders of the Dry Savanna, Oxford, 1999

Manokha I., Foucault’s Concept of Power and the Global Discourse of Human Rights, “Global Society”, Vol. 23 (4) 2009, p. 429–445.

Nestle, Sustainability, Protection, Stewardship, 2003, p. 10, http://www.nestle.com (access: 16.03.2017).

Orlove B., Caton S., Water Sustainability: Anthropological Approaches and Prospects, “Annual Review of Anthropology”, Vol. 39, 2010, p. 401–415.

Ostrom E., Governing the Commons: the Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cam­bridge, 1990

Punjab Amendment Act, Extension Act 1964. West Pakistan Amendment 1965, 1968. Ordinance 1970, and Punjab Amendment Ordinance 1970, 1971 and 1975; The Punjab Soil Reclamation Act, 1952 was Amended by West Pakistan Amendment Ordinance 1964, by which the Soil Reclamation Board was substituted by Land and Water Development Board; For regulation of groundwater in Province of Punjab see: Water and Power Development Authority, Act 1958, Punjab Soil Reclamation Act. 1952 and Rules issued in 1965.

Richardson T., Weszkalnys G., Resource Materialities. Introduction,“Anthropological Quarterly”, Vol. 87, 2014, p. 5–19.

Rogers P. et al., Water is an Economic Good, “Water Policy”, Vol. 4, 2002, p. 1–17.

Sachs W., The Gospel of Global Efficiency, “IFDA Dossier”, No. 68, 1988, p. 33–39.

Stevenson G.J. et al., Water Insecurity in 3 Dimensions: An Anthropological Perspective on Water and Women’s Psychosocial Distress in Ethiopia, “Social Science & Medicine”, Vol. 75, 2012, p. 392–400.

The United Nations System in Pakistan, Water – A Vital Source of Life, Islamabad, 2003, p. 58–63.

United Nations Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights

Norms of the responsibility of transnational corporations and other business enterprises with regard to human rights, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/12/Rev.2, Article 1; adopted with Commentary, U.N.Doc.E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/38/Rev.2, by Resolution 2003/16 on August 13, 2003, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/2003/16.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, General Assembly Resolution 217A (III) of December 10, 1948; U.N. Doc A/810 at 71.

Whittington D., Mu X., Roche R., Calculating the Value of Time Spent Collecting Water: Some Estimates for Ukunda, Kenya, “World Development”, Vol. 18, 1990 , p. 269–280.

Wodak R., Critical Discourse Analysis: History, Agenda, Theory and Methodology, [in:] Methods for Critical Discourse Analysis, eds. R. Wodak, M. Meyer, London, 2009, p. 1–31.

World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund: Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council, [in:] Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment (Report), New York / Geneva

Wutich A., Brewis A., Food, Water, and Scarcity: Toward a Broader Anthropology of Resource Insecurity, “Current Anthropology” 55, No. 4, 2014, p. 444–468.

Wutich A., Ragsdale K., Water Insecurity and Emotional Distress: Coping with Supply, Access, and Seasonal Variability of Water in a Bolivian Squatter Settlement, “Social Science & Medicine”, Vol. 67, 2008, p. 2116–2125.

Electronic sources

http://aaj.tv/2012/04/contaminated-water-contributes-to-40-death-in-pakistan-un/(access: 16.03.2017).

http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/VANOVEDR/(access: 16.03.2017).

https://actions.sumofus.org/a/nestle-water-pakistan(access: 14.03.2017).

http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/4/watermanagementprivatizationworldbankgroupifc.html(access: 15.03.2017).

http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2010/09/02/what-is-the-benefit-of-privatizing-water/(access: 16.03.2017).

http://bottledlifefilm.com/index.php/downloads-for-media.html (access: 26.05.2017).

https://canadians.org/fr/node/8154 (access: 24.05.2017).

http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/insight/water-privatization-facts-and-figures(access: 16.03.2017).

http://foodieunderground.com/nestle-privatization-water-boycott-bottled-water/(access: 30.05.2017).

http://www.nestle.com(access: 16.03.2017).

http://www.nestle.com/aboutus/overview (access: 16.03.2017).

http://www.nestle.com/ask-nestle/environment/answers/water-business-bottled-life-documentary (access: 30.05.2017).

http://www.nestle-waters.com/aboutus (access: 16.03.2017).

http://www.nestle-waters.com/aboutus/key-figures (access: 16.03.2017).

http://www.nestle-waters.com/bottled-water (access: 16.03.2017).

http://www.nestle-waters.com/brands/all-brands/all-brands-list?char=B (access: 16.03.2017).

http://www.nestle-waters.com/Documents/Bottled_Life_EN_August_2013.pdf (access: 24.05.2017).

http://www.unesco.org/bpi/wwdr/WWDR_chart2_eng.pdf(access: 13.03.2017).

http://urbantimes.co/2013/06/nestle-the-global-search-for-liquid-gold/(access: 16.03.2017).

http://www.who.int/(access: 15.03.2017).

http://www.world-psi.org/en/organisations-denounce-nestles-new-human-rights-impact-assessment (access: 24.05.2017).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qyAzxmN2s0w(access: 16.03.2017).

http://www.3sat.de/page/?source=/boerse/magazin/169630/index.html(access: 16.03.2017).

Informacje

Informacje: Prace Etnograficzne, 2017, Tom 45, Numer 2, s. 175 - 195

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Tytuły:

Polski:

Putting a Price Tag on Human Rights. An Anthropological Perspective on Nestle’s Drinking Water Privatisation in Pakistan

Angielski:

Putting a Price Tag on Human Rights. An Anthropological Perspective on Nestle’s Drinking Water Privatisation in Pakistan

Autorzy

Institut für Film-, Theater- und empirische Kulturwissenschaft Johannes- Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Germany

Publikacja: 2017

Status artykułu: Otwarte __T_UNLOCK

Licencja: CC BY-NC-ND  ikona licencji

Udział procentowy autorów:

Julia Winschewski (Autor) - 100%

Korekty artykułu:

-

Języki publikacji:

Angielski