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Eight city types and their interactions: the “eight-fold” model

Data publikacji: 24.02.2017

Czasopismo Techniczne, 2017, Volume 2 Year 2017 (114), s. 5 - 70

https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.016.6209

Autorzy

Nikos A. Salingaros
Department of Mathematics, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Tytuły

Eight city types and their interactions: the “eight-fold” model

Abstrakt

A model for understanding thecity in terms ofeight characteristic “city types” is proposed. e most human cities consist ofadaptive city types that act in acongruent manner. Any city can be analyzed as a particular mixture ofthese eight types. Competing city types combine and interact in dierent ways, and users feel theresult as an essential quality oftheenvironment. Some types either add to, or cancel and destroy each other, whereas others can juxtapose without interacting. is eight-fold model ofcity types helps us to predict thesuccess or failure ofdistinct urban regions in promoting urban life. It also suggests how to repair declining or non-existent pedestrian activity, and how architectural projects could aect the city adversely or positively. One section ofthis paper is devoted to techniques for designing urban spaces that invite human engagement, and another to designing acampus.

Bibliografia

A. Articles and books by other authors
[1] Alexander Ch., A City is Not a Tree, Architectural Forum, Vol. 122, No. 1, 1965, 58–61 and No. 2, 58–62; Reprinted in: Design Aer Modernism, John ackara (Ed.), ames and Hudson, London 1988, 67–84; hp://www.rudi.net/books/200

[2] Alexander Ch., e Timeless Way of Building, Oxford University Press, New York 1979.

[3] Alexander Ch., e Nature of Order, Books 1–4, Center for Environmental Structure, Berkeley, California: Book 1: e Phenomenon of Life, 2001; Book 2: e Process of Creating Life, 2002; Book 3: A Vision of a Living World, 2005; Book 4: e Luminous Ground, 2004.

[4] Alexander Ch., Ishikawa S., Silverstein M., Jacobson M., Fiksdahl-King I., Angel S., A Paern Language, Oxford University Press, New York 1977.

[5] Alexander Ch., Neis H-J., Alexander M.M. e Bale for the Life and Beauty of the Earth, Oxford University Press, New York 2012.

[6] Alexander Ch., Silverstein M., Angel S., Ishikawa S., Abrams D., e Oregon Experiment, Oxford University Press, New York 1975.

[7] Asquith L., Vellinga M. (Eds.), Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century, Taylor & Francis, Abingdon, Oxford 2006.

[8] Bay M., Longley P., Fractal Cities, Academic Press, London 1994.

[9] Day Ch., Midbjer A., Environment and Children, Elsevier, Oxford 2007.

[10] Duany A., Plater-Zyberk E., Speck J., Suburban Nation, North Point Press, New York 2000.

[11] Gehl J., Life Between Buildings, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1987.

[12] Jacobs J., e Death and Life of Great American Cities, Vintage Books, New York 1961.

[13] Joutsiniemi A., Becoming Metapolis – A Congurational Approach, Datutop 32, Tempere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland 2010.

[14] Kellert S.R., Heerwagen J., Mador M. (Eds.), Biophilic Design: e eory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, John Wiley, New York 2008.

[15] Krier L. Architecture: Choice or Fate, Andreas Papadakis, Windsor, England 1998; New edition, e Architecture of Community, Island Press, Washington 2009.

[16] Leitner H., Paern eory, Create Space, Amazon, 2015.

[17] Louf R. Barthelemy M., A typology of street paerns, Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 8 October 2014, hp://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/11/101/20140924

[18] Lynch K., e Image of the City, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachuses 1960.

[19] Millais M., Exploding the Myths of Modern Architecture, Frances Lincoln Limited, London 2009.

[20] Mouzon S.A., e Original Green, Guild Foundation Press, Miami, Florida 2010.

[21] Salat S., Les Villes et Les Formes, Hermann, Paris 2011.

[22] Turner J.F.C., Housing By People, Marion Boyars, London 1976.

[23] Whyte W., e Social Life of Small Urban Spaces, e Conservation Foundation, Washington 1980.

[24] Wilson E.O., On Human Nature, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachuses 1978.

B. My own articles and books
Since this essay is a transcription of conference lecture notes, it contains mainly references to my own work that is freely accessible on the Internet. ose articles and books in turn contain exhaustive bibliographies and references to the numerous authors whose research contributes to a new, adaptive understanding of urban structure.

[25] A Future Without Starchitects, Chapter 4.3, [in:] Kaleidoscope City: Reections on Planning and London, Manns J. (Ed.), RTPI Press, London 2014, 123-131, hp://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/Kaleidoscope-London.pdf

[26] Anti-Architecture and Deconstruction, O heCommonBooks/Sustasis Press, International Edition, Vajra Publications, 2014, hp://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/books.html

[27] A eory of Architecture, O heCommonBooks/Sustasis Press, International Edition, Vajra Publications, 2006; reprinted with Index 2014, hp://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/books.html

[28] Beauty, Life, and the Geometry of the Environment, Chapter 2, [in:] Reclaiming Beauty, Volume I, Horvath A., Cue J.B. (Eds.), Ficino Press, Cork, Ireland, 2012, 63–103; Edited version of an essay from the Athens Dialogues, November 2010, hp://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/lifeandthegeometry.pdf

[29] Biophilia and Healing Environments, a 44-page booklet available from O heCommonBooks, 2015; also published free online by Terrapin Bright Green LLC, New York 2015, hp:// www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/report/biophilia-healing-environments

[30] Compact City Replaces Sprawl, Chapter, [in:] Crossover: Architecture, Urbanism, Technology, Graaand A., Kavanaugh L. (Eds.), 010 Publishers, Roerdam 2006, 100– 115, hp://www.academia.edu/188203/Compact_City_Replaces_Sprawl

[31] Design for a Living Planet, co-authored with M.W. Mehay, US Edition, O heCommonBooks/Sustasis Press, International Edition, Vajra Publications, 2015; some chapters published online by Metropolis, hp://www.metropolismag.com/Search/index.php?mod=CoreSearch&query=salingaros&sortby=datepublished&urlprex=%2F

[32] Geometry and Life of Urban Space, co-authored with P. Pagliardini, Chapter, [in:] Back to the Sense of the City, 11th Virtual City & Territory International Monograph Book, Centre of Land Policy and Valuations (Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions), Barcelona 2016, 13–31, hp://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2117/90890/CH00_CONTENTS%20INTRO_geometry.pdf

[33] Geospatial Analysis and Living Urban Geometry, co-authored with P. Pagliardini, S. Porta, Chapter 17, [in:] Geospatial Analysis And Modeling of Urban Structure and Dynamics, Jiang B., Yao X.A. (Eds.), Springer, New York 2010, 331–353, hps://www.academia.edu/188975/Geospatial_Analysis_and_Living_Urban_Geometry

[34] Growing Sustainable Suburbs: An Incremental Strategy for Reconstructing Sprawl, co-authored with M. Mehay, L. Steil, Chapter 10.2, [in:] New Urbanism & Beyond: Designing Cities for the Future, Haas T. (Ed.), Rizzoli, New York 2008, 262–274, hp://www.academia.edu/188207/Growing_Sustainable_Suburbs_An_Incremental_Strategy_for_Reconstructing_Sprawl

[35] Neuroscience, the Natural Environment, and Building Design, co-authored with K.G. Masden, Chapter 5, [in:] Biophilic Design: e eory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, Kellert S.R., Heerwagen J., Mador M. (Eds.), John Wiley, New York 2008, hps://www.academia.edu/188202/Neuroscience_the_Natural_Environment_and_Building_Design.

[36] Principles of Urban Structure, new US printing, O heCommonBooks/Sustasis Press; European Edition, Techne Press, Amsterdam 2005, 2014; Asian Edition, Vajra Publications, hp://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/books.html

[37] P2P Urbanism, book dra available for free download, 116 pages, 2011, hp://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/P2PURBANISM.pdf

[38] e Law of Requisite Variety and the Built Environment, Journal of Biourbanism, Vol. 4, Nos. 1&2, 2015 (published in 2016), 47–52, hp://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/eLawofRequisiteVariety.pdf

[39] Urbanism as Computation, Chapter 13, [in:] Complexity eories Of Cities Have Come Of Age, Portugali J., Meyer H., Stolk E., Tan E. (Eds.), Springer, Berlin 2012, 247–270, hp://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/urbanism-computation.pdf

[40] Urban Nuclei and the Geometry of Streets: the Emergent Neighborhoods Model, co-authored with M. Mehay, S. Porta, Y. Rofè, Urban Design International, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2010, 22–46, hp://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/UrbanNuclei.pdf

[41] Why Green Oen Isn’t, co-authored with M. Mehay, Chapter 2, [in:] Design for a Living Planet, 2013 (2015), US Edition, O heCommonBooks/Sustasis Press; International Edition, Vajra Publications; Chapter published online by Metropolis, hp://www.
metropolismag.com/Point-of-View/April-2013/Toward-Resilient-Architectures-2-Why-Green-Oen-Isnt

Informacje

Informacje: Czasopismo Techniczne, 2017, Volume 2 Year 2017 (114), s. 5 - 70

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Tytuły:

Polski:

Eight city types and their interactions: the “eight-fold” model

Angielski:

Eight city types and their interactions: the “eight-fold” model

Autorzy

Department of Mathematics, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA

Publikacja: 24.02.2017

Status artykułu: Otwarte __T_UNLOCK

Licencja: Żadna

Udział procentowy autorów:

Nikos A. Salingaros (Autor) - 100%

Korekty artykułu:

-

Języki publikacji:

Angielski