Lilla Moroz-Grzelak

The Symbolic Sphere in the Transformation Processes of the former Yugoslavia. Monuments

The article focuses on the ways of treating the monumental memory of the past in the states that were established after the disintegration of Yugoslavia. These examples, which are not exhaustive, show that the process of transformation in the symbolic sphere does not create a uniform image in all countries. It oscillates between the destruction of the monuments of the past period in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also the different intensity of the events of the tragic war of the last decade of the 20th century. Breaking such a description, Serbia protects the monuments of the Yugoslavian era, while at the same time recalling the memory of the Serbian liberation struggle in the anti-Turkish uprising of 1804. The protection of the monuments of the NOB (struggle for national liberation) period in Montenegro not only proves the connection with the federal Yugoslavia, but also reflects a kind of Yugonostalgia. In turn, the monuments of this period on Macedonian territory, preserved in various states, gave way to a “flood of monuments” referring to the ancient and medieval history of this land. The changes in the monumental sphere in all countries, however, prove the willingness to justify the ideological existence of independent state entities embedded in the native tradition confirming their sovereignty.

Replication of the Stereotype of the Jesuit Order in the Opinions of Serbian and Bulgarian Elites of the 18th–19th Centuries

The article attempts to answer the questions: when and why among the Serbian and Bulgarian elites of the 19th century was there a black Jesuit legend that reproduced the negative image of the order that existed in Europe as early as in 16th century. Referring to the activities of the Jesus Societyand the atmosphere of hostility created around them in Europe, stigmatizing the image of the order has been shown to be rooted within the language and reproduced in lexicographic publications and selected texts of several Serbian and Bulgarian artists. In the context of historical conditions, the anti-Catholicism of the Orthodox Church was shown, for which the Jesuits became the new enemy, who did not conduct any mission neither in Bulgaria nor in Serbia in the 19th century.