FAQ

Opłaty nieformalne w ochronie zdrowia. Perspektywa i doświadczenia polskie

Publication date: 2010

Public Health and Governance, 2010, Volume 8, Issue 1, pp. 12 - 28

Authors

Stanisława Golinowska
Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow / Institute of Labour and Social Studies, Warsaw, Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1382-4741 Orcid
All publications →

Titles

Opłaty nieformalne w ochronie zdrowia. Perspektywa i doświadczenia polskie

Abstract

Informal payments in health care. Polish perspective and experiences

Informal patient payments are a common phenomenon for the formersocialist countries, though they are reported in other European countries as well. There are various definitions of informal patient payments as well as theories which explain this phenomenon (including fee for service theory, donation hypothesis, governance hypothesis and ethics hypothesis). The definitions of informal patient payments and the theories applied for their explanation determine the measures which are taken in order to eradicate informal patient payments.

The topic of informal patient payments in Poland was discussed within a corruption debate which was neglected for a long time. Since the end of 90s, due to the pressure of the international organizations, presence of corruption generally and informal patient payments particularly have been acknowledged. It resulted in various studies on informal patient payments as well as actions undertaken by governmental and nongovernmental organisations in order to eliminate these forms of payments.

This paper presents the review of empirical studies on informal patient payments and actions which have been carried out in Poland during last two decades. The types, scope and levels of informal patient payments as well as opinions on informal patient payments are analyzed. Time series data allow to study also a dynamics of informal patient payments and to draw some conclusions on the effects of measures which have been implemented by the Polish government to deal with informal patient payments.

This study is carried out under Project ASSPRO CEE 2007 funded by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme, Theme 8 Socio-economic Sciences and Humanities, Project ASSPRO CEE 2007 (Grant Agreement no. 217431). The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission or its services

References

Transparency International, Global Corruption Report 2006. Pluto Press, London and Ann Arbor 2006.

Sparrow M.K., Corruption in health care systems: the US experience, w: Transparency International,Global Corruption Report 2006. Pluto Press, London and Ann Arbor 2006.

Aaron H.J., Schwartz W.B., Can We Say No? Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC 2005.

Arrow K.J., Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care. „American Economic Review”1963; 53: 941–973; polskie wydanie: Lecznictwo z punktu widzenia niepewności i ekonomii dobrobytu, w: Eseje z teorii ryzyka. PWN, Warszawa 1979: 181–215.

Sappington D.E., Incentives in Principal-Agent Relationships. „Journal of Economic Perspectives”1991; 5(2): 45–66.

Savedoff W.D., Hussmann K., Why are health systems prone to corruption, w: Transparency International;Global Corruption Report 2006. Pluto Press, London and Ann Arbor 2006.

Getzen T.E., Ekonomika zdrowia. PWN, Warszawa 2000.

Vian T., Review of corruption in the health sector: theory, methods and interventions. „Health Policy and Planning” 2008; 23: 83–94.

Gaal P., Informal payments for health care in Hungary. PhD Thesis. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. University of London 2004.

Włodarczyk W.C., Zając M., Poland, w: Fried B.J, Gaydos L.M., World health systems: challenges and perspectives. Health Administration Press and AUPHA Press, Chicago 2002: 279–299.

Thompson D.F., Restoring Responsibility: Ethics in Government, Business and Healthcare. Cambridge University Press 2005.

Golinowska S., Tymowska K., Poland, w: Johnson (red.), Private markets in health and welfare. An international perspective. Berg Publishers Limited, Oxford 1995: 137–153.

Stiglitz J., Ekonomia sektora publicznego. PWN, Warszawa 2004.

Barr N., Ekonomika polityki społecznej. Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej, Poznań 1993.

Hsiao W.C., Abnormal economics in the health care sector. „Health Policy” 1995; 32: 125–139

Stiglitz J., Regulation and Failure, w: D. Moss, J. Cisternino (red.), New Perspectives on Regulation. The Tobin Project, Cambridge 2009: 11–23.

Stepurko T., Pavlova M., Gryga I., Groot W., Empirical studies on informal patient payments for health care services: a systematic and critical review of research methods and instruments. „BMC Health Services Research” 2010; 19, 10: 273.

Hirschman A.O., Exit, Voice, Loyalty.Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1970.

Gaal P., Mckee M., Informal payment for health care and the theory of ‘INXIT. „International Journal of Health Planning and Management”2004; 19: 163–178.

Gaal P., Evetovits T., McKee M., Informal payment for health care: Evidence from Hungary. „Health Policy” 2006; 77: 86–102.

Adam G., Gratuity for doctors and medical ethics. „The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy” 1989; 14: 315–322.

Chawla M., Berman P., Kawiorska D., Financing health services in Poland: new evidence on private expenditures, Health Economics 1998; 7, 4: 337–346.

Bognár G., Gál R.I., Kornai J., Hálapénz a magyar egészségügyben” (Gratitude money in the Hungarian health sector). „Közgazdasági Szemle”2000; 47: 293–320.

Shahriari H., Belli P., Lewis M., Institutional issues in informal health payments in Poland. „HNP Discussion Paper”, World Bank, Washington DC 2001.

Kornai J., Eggleston K., Welfare, Choice and Solidarity in Transition. Reforming the Health Sector in Eastern Europe. Cambridge University Press, New York 2001.

Balabanova D., McKee M., Understanding informal payments for health care: the example of Bulgaria. „Health Policy” 2002; 62: 243–273.

Ensor T., Informal payments for health care in transition economies. „Social Science & Medicine” 2004; 58: 237–246.

Besstremyannaya G., Shishkin S., The accessibility of health care, w: Ovtcharova L.N. (red.), Incomes and social services: inequality, vulnerability, poverty. Publishing House of the State University Higher School of Economics, Moscow 2005: 141–167.

Cockcroft A., Andersson N., Paredes-Solís S., Caldwell D., Mitchell S., Milne D., Merhi S., Roche M., Konceviciute E., Ledogar R.J., An inter-country comparison of unofficial payments: results of a health sector social audit in the Baltic States. „BMC Health Services Research”2008; 8/15, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/8/15.

Bognár G., Gál R.I., Kornai J., Hálapénz a magyar egészségügyben, TARKI projektszám: C 420115 UFACR, Budapest 2000.

Gaál P., Jakab M., Shishkin S., Strategies to address informal payments for health care, w: Kutzin J., Cashin Ch., Jakab M. (red.), Implementing Health Financing Reform. Lessons from countries in transition. WHO Europe, „The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, Observatory Studies Series” 2010; 21: 327–360.

World Bank, Corruption in Poland. Review of priority areas and proposals for action. Report prepared by Helen Sutch together with Jacek Wojciechowicz and Michał Dybula. The World Bank, Warsaw Office, Warsaw 1999.

Kubiak A., Pacjenci i lekarze o korupcji w publicznej służbie zdrowia. Raport z badań. Fundacja im. Stefana Batorego, Warszawa 2001.

Płoskonka J., Korupcja – zagrożenia i metody jej zwalczania. Empiryczne badania nad poziomem korupcji. „Służba Cywilna” 2003; 3: 109–134.

Gadowska K., National and international anti-corruption efforts: the case of Poland. „Global Crime” 2010; 11, 2: 178–209.

Kamiński A.Z., Badając korupcję. Korupcja w Polsce pokomunistycznej. Academia, Badania w toku. „Studia Polityczne” 2005; 4(8): 38–39.

Tarkowski J., A centralized system and corruption: The case of Poland. „Asian Journal of Public Administration” 1988; 10 (1), Special Issue: A Focus on Corruption.

Jasiecki K., Korupcjaw okresie transformacji, w: Jarosz M. (red.), Pułapki prywatyzacji. Warszawa 2003.

Kaufmann D., Kraay A., Mastruzzi M., Governance Matters IV: Governance Indicators for 1996–2004, „World Bank Policy Research Working Paper” 3630. Washington, DC 2005.

McManus-Czubińska C., Miller W.L., Markowski R., Wasilewski J., Why is corruption in Poland a serious cause for concern?Crime, Law and Social Change”2004; 41(2): 107–132.

Transparency International data on Corruption Perception Index: www.transparency.org.

CBOS, Korupcja i afery korupcyjne w Polsce. Komunikat z badań BS/110/2001, Warszawa 2001.

CBOS, Korupcyjne doświadczenia Polaków oraz ich stosunek do łapownictwa. Komunikat z badań BS/69/2009, Warszawa 2009.

CBOS, Opinia społeczna o korupcji w Polsce. Komunikat z badań BS/62/2009, Warszawa 2009.

CBOS, Opinia publiczna o korupcji i lobbingu w Polsce, Komunikat z badań BS/63/2010, Warszawa 2010.

US Aid, Corruption assessment handbook. Draft final report, Management Systems International Corporate Offices, Washington DC 2006.

GUS, Ochrona zdrowia w gospodarstwach domowych. Informacje i opracowania statystyczne z odpowiednich lat, Warszawa 1994, 1999, 2004, 2007, 2010.

Włodarczyk C.W., Reforma i problemy korupcji w polskiej służbie zdrowia, referat na seminarium. „Problemy etyczne w służbie zdrowia”. Fundacja im. Stefana Batorego 2001. www.batory.org.pl/korupcja/.

Szawarski Z., Prawo do wdzięczności, referat na seminarium. „Problemy etyczne w służbie zdrowia”. Fundacja im. Stefana Batorego 2001. www.batory.org.pl/korupcja/.

Ministerstwo Zdrowia, Zielona Księga. Finansowania ochrony zdrowia w Polsce, Golinowska S. (red.), Warszawa 2004.

Golinowska S., Kozierkiewicz A., Quality in and Equality of Access to Healthcare Services, Healthquest Project, European Commission 2008. www.ehma.org/files/healthquest _poland_en.pdf.

Golinowska S., Nowa struktura instytucji sfery społecznej. „Studia i materiały IpiSS”, z. 10 (400), Warszawa 2004.

Tymowska K., Sektor prywatny w systemie opieki zdrowotnej. Instytut Spraw Publicznych, Warszawa 1999.

Janota E., Górecki W., Omówienie wyników sondażu dotyczącego mechanizmów systemowych sprzyjających powstawaniu korupcji w ochronie zdrowia. Fundacja im. Stefana Batorego, Warszawa 2006.

Lewis M., Informal Payments and the Financing of Health Care in Developing and Transition Countries, International Policy Center, „IPC Working Paper Series 2010”; Number 98.

Ministerstwo Zdrowia, Finansowania ochrony zdrowia w Polsce. Zielona Księga II, Golinowska S. (red.), Wydawnictwo Medyczne Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego „Vesalius”, Kraków 2009.

Rada Monitoringu Społecznego, Diagnoza Społeczna. Wyższa Szkoła Finansów i Zarządzania, Warszawa 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009.

CBOS, Korupcja w służbie zdrowia – opinie i doświadczenia Polaków.Komunikat z badańBS/55/2007, Warszawa 2007.

Kubiak A., Łapownictwo w świadomości i doświadczeniu potocznym Polaków. Łódź 2003.

Miller W., Grodeland A.B., Koshechkina T.Y., A Culture of Corruption? Coping with Government in Post-Communist Europe. CEU Press, Budapest 2001.

Majewski P., Raport na temat korupcji w polskim systemie ochrony zdrowia. Rada Ministrów, Warszawa 2007.

Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji, Sprawozdanie podsumowujące realizację I etapu programu zwalczania korupcji. Zespół do Spraw Koordynacji Strategii Antykorupcyjnej, Departament Administracji Publicznej, Warszawa 2004.

Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji, Sprawozdanie końcowe z realizacji programu zwalczania korupcji. Strategia antykorupcyjna. II etap wdrażania. Warszawa 2010.

Ministerstwo Zdroawia, Korupcja nie wyjdzie nam na zdrowie. Poradnik dla pacjenta. Warszawa 2006.

Gaal P., Belli P.C., McKee M., Szócska M., Informal Payments for Health Care: Definitions, Distinctions, and Dilemmas. „Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law” 2006; 31(2): 251–293.

Pączkowka M., Dostępność świadczeń zdrowotnych w opinii Polaków. Raport z badań. Centrum Systemów Informacyjnych Ochrony Zdrowia, Warszawa 2006.

Golinowska S., Polityka wobec ubóstwa i wykluczenia społecznego w Polsce w minionym dwudziestoleciu. „Polityka Społeczna” 2010; 9: 7–13.

Information

Information: Public Health and Governance, 2010, Volume 8, Issue 1, pp. 12 - 28

Article type: Original article

Titles:

Polish:

Opłaty nieformalne w ochronie zdrowia. Perspektywa i doświadczenia polskie

English:

Informal payments in health care. Polish perspective and experiences

Authors

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1382-4741

Stanisława Golinowska
Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow / Institute of Labour and Social Studies, Warsaw, Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1382-4741 Orcid
All publications →

Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow / Institute of Labour and Social Studies, Warsaw, Poland

Published at: 2010

Article status: Open

Licence: None

Percentage share of authors:

Stanisława Golinowska (Author) - 100%

Article corrections:

-

Publication languages:

Polish

View count: 2587

Number of downloads: 2394