FAQ

Protection and Repatriation of Cultural Heritage – Country Report: Indonesia

Publication date: 18.04.2023

Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2022, 2/2022 (8), pp. 383 - 406

https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050XSNR.22.025.17038

Authors

,
Emiline Smith
University of Glasgow
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1813-267X Orcid
All publications →
,
Rucitarahma Ristiawan
Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0673-6719 Orcid
All publications →
Tular Sudarmadi
Gadjah Mada University (Indonesia)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4631-115X Orcid
All publications →

Titles

Protection and Repatriation of Cultural Heritage – Country Report: Indonesia

Abstract

This article provides a broad overview of Indonesia’s current post-independence legislation and practice with respect to cultural heritage protection and repatriation. We highlight several challenges that hamper the effective implementation and enforcement of this framework, particularly in relation to repatriation processes of foreign-held cultural objects. We furthermore explore how the State-centric discourse that surrounds Indonesia’s cultural heritage protection and repatriation policies impede locally-led activism related to cultural heritage, particularly in relation to value production and sense of ownership. Overall, we highlight the importance of co-creation in knowledge production processes and crime-prevention methods concerning cultural heritage to maximize effectiveness. Agency, access, and ownership were violently removed through the colonial looting of Indonesian cultural heritage, so the first step towards restorative justice should be reinstating this to the communities of origin, or to the Indonesian government when the rightful origin community cannot be identified. This concerns not only the cultural objects themselves, but also their digital and physical lives, i.e. the knowledge and expertise created based on these objects.

References

Adams K.M., The Politics of Indigeneity and Heritage: Indonesian Mortuary Materials and Museums, “Museum Worlds” 2020, Vol. 8.

Adinugrah A.S., The Rights and Obligations of the State in the Restoration of Cultural Heritage: A Review on International Law and the Practice of Indonesia, “Indonesian Journal of International Law” 2016, Vol. 13(4).

Adzkia A., Merawat Cagar Budaya, Mencatat Peradaban [Caring for Cultural Heritage, Documenting Civilization], “Beritagar”, 24 November 2018, https://beritagar.id/artikel/berita/merawat-cagar-budaya-mencatat-peradaban [accessed: 24.10.2022].

Ardiyansyah P., Object Repatriation and Knowledge Co-Production for Indonesia’s Cultural Artefacts, “LSE Blog”, 4 November 2021, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/seac/2021/11/04/object-repatriation-and-knowledge-co-production-for-indonesias-cultural-artefacts/ [accessed: 24.10.2022].

Arifin Z., Modus Pemalsuan Harta Benda Peninggalan Majapahit [The Mode of Forgery of Majapahit Heritage], “Liputan 6”, 14 March 2019, https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/3915477/modus-pemalsuan-harta-benda-peninggalan-majapahit [accessed: 27.10.2022].

Australian Embassy Indonesia, Treasures of the Tek Sing to Return to Indonesia, 18 August 2022, https://indonesia.embassy.gov.au/jakt/MR22_036.html [accessed: 02.10.2022].

Bahkri S., Promoting Traditional Knowledge in Conservation: The Role of the Borobudur Conservation Office, “AICCM Bulletin” 2020, Vol41(2).

Batubara A.M., Pelindungan Cagar Budaya Bawah Air dalam Kajian Analisis Hukum [Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Study of Legal Analysis], “Jurnal Konservasi Cagar Budaya Borobudur” 2014, Vol. 8(1).

Bloembergen M., Eickhoff M., A Wind of Change on Java’s Ruined Temples: Archaeological Activities, Imperial Circuits and Heritage Awareness in Java and the Netherlands (1800-1850), “Low Countries Historical Review” 2013, Vol. 128(1).

Bociaga R., Thailand’s Art Repatriation and the Power of Netizens, “Asia Media Centre”, 14 December 2021, https://www.asiamediacentre.org.nz/features/thailands-art-repatriation-and-the-power-of-netizens/ [accessed: 24.10.2022].

Breske A., Politics of Repatriation: Formalizing Indigenous Repatriation Policy, “International Journal of Cultural Property” 2018, Vol. 25(3).

Byrne D., Heritage as a Social Action, in: G. Fairclough et al. (eds.), The Heritage Reader, Routledge, London–New York 2008.

Chin N.C., Heartbreak as Large-scale Salvagers Loot Southeast Asia’s WWII Shipwrecks, War Graves, “Channel News Asia”, 3 June 2021, https://www.channelnewsasia.com/cnain-sider/heartbreak-salvage-loot-southeast-asia-wwii-shipwreck-war-graves-1829531 [accessed: 20.10.2022].

Colwell C., Can Repatriation Heal the Wounds of History? “The Public Historian” 2019, Vol. 41(1).

Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 14 May 1954, 249 UNTS 240.

Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 16 November 1972, 1037 UNTS 151.

Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, 17 October 2003, 2368 UNTS 3.

Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, 14 November 1970, 823 UNTS 231.

Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, 2 November 2001, 2562 UNTS 45964.

Dafoe T., For the First Time in Its History, the Netherlands Is Returning an Enormous Trove of Artifacts to Its Former Colonial Territory of Indonesia, “Artnet News”, 8 January 2020, https://news.artnet.com/art-world/netherlands-returns-indonesia-artifacts-1748376 [accessed: 24.10.2022].

Daniels J.M., New York Returns Historical Relics to RI, “Bali Discovery”, 26 July 2021, https://www.balidiscovery.com/new-york-returns-historical-relics-to-ri/ [accessed: 24.10.2022].

De Ascaniis S., Della Monica C., Cantoni L., A Social Media Campaign to Raise Awareness about Violent Heritage Destruction: The Case of #faces4heritage, HTHIC2017 – Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality, Pori (Finland), 27-29 September 2017.

Dewi C. et al., Negotiating Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD) in Banda Aceh after Reconstruction, “Journal of Architectural Conservation” 2019, Vol. 25(3).

Dewi C., Reclaiming Cultural Heritage after Disasters in Indonesia, “International Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter” 2018, No. 80, https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/reclaiming-cultural-heritage-after-disasters-indonesia [accessed: 26.10.2022].

Dicks B., Culture on Display: The Production of Contemporary Visitability, McGraw-Hill Education, Maidenhead 2004.

Drieënhuizen C., Mirrors of Time and Agents of Action: Indonesia’s Claimed Cultural Objects and Decolonisation, 1947-1978, “Low Countries Historical Review” 2018, Vol. 133(2).

Elson R.E., The Idea of Indonesia: A History, Cambridge University Press, New York 2008.

Fay C., So Denduangrudee H.M., Emerging Options for the Recognition and Protection of Indigenous Community Rights in Indonesia, in: J.F. McCarthy, K. Robinson (eds.), Land and Development in Indonesia, ISEAS Publishing, Singapore 2016.

Fitri I., Ahmad Y., Ahmad F., Conservation of Tangible Cultural Heritage in Indonesia: A Review, “Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences” 2015, Vol. 184.

Fitri I., Ahmad Y., Ratna, Cultural Heritage and Its Legal Protection in Indonesia Since the Dutch East Indies Government Period, “Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research” 2016, Vol. 81.

Forest Fire in Sumatra Sparks Hunt for Srivijayan Treasure, “Southeast Asian Archaeology”, 30 October 2019, https://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2019/10/30/forest-fire-in-sumatra-sparks-hunt-for-srivijayan-treasure/ [accessed: 01.10.2022].

Harris L., Indonesian Antiquities Thefts Show No Sign of Abating, “The Art Newspaper”, 1 June 2009,  https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2009/06/01/indonesian-antiquities-thefts-show-no-sign-of-abating [accessed: 25.10.2022].

Hartik A., Situs Purbakala Ditemukan di Lokasi Proyek Jalan Tol Pandaan-Malang [Archaeological Site Found at the Pandaan-Malang Toll Road Project Site], “Kompas”, 8 March 2019, https://foto.kompas.com/photo/read/2019/03/08/1552043331ab7/situs.purbakala. ditemukan.di.lokasi.proyek.jalan.tol.pandaanmalang [accessed: 27.10.2019].

Higgins H., How a Sacred Indonesian Artifact Ended Up on the Fourth Floor of Mundelein, “Loyola Phoenix”, 26 October 2022, https://web.archive.org/web/20221026132215/https://loyolaphoenix.com/2022/10/how-a-sacred-indonesian-artifact-ended-up-on-the-fourth-floor-of-mundelein/ [accessed: 29.12.2022].

Historic Javanese Art Treasures Victims of Looting, “Forbes”, 3 April 2002, https://www.forbes.com/2002/04/03/0403hot.html?sh=52edf33975f6 [accessed: 19.10.2022].

Ho K.K., Indonesia Calls For Return of ‘Java Man,’ and Countless Art and Natural Historical Objects, From Netherlands, “ARTnews”, 20 October 2022, https://www.artnews.com/artnews/artists/indonesia-return-java-man-natural-history-netherlands-1234643776/ [accessed: 20.10.2022].

Indonesia Seeks Return of ‘Looted’ Artefacts from Netherlands, “Aljazeera”, 21 October 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/21/indonesia-seeks-return-of-looted-artefacts-from-netherlands [accessed: 21.10.2022].

Ishabib Y., The Sad State of Indonesian Museums, “The Jakarta Post”, 23 February 2021, https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2021/02/23/sad-state-of-indonesian-museums.html [accessed: 01.04.2022].

Jones T., Riomandha T., Salim H., The Past is Always New: A Framework for Understanding the Centrality of Social Media to Contemporary Heritage Movements, in: A. Mozaffari, T. Jones (eds.), Heritage Movements in Asia, Berghahn Books, New York 2020.

Kisah di balik pencurian ratusan koleksi Museum Sulawesi Tenggara [The Story Behind the Theft of Hundreds of Objects from the Southeast Sulawesi Museum], “BBC News”, 9 February 2021, https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/majalah-55970339 [accessed: 25.10.2022].

Konniger S., Balinese vorst hoort als laatste van Indonesische eis tot teruggave roofkunst, “NRC”, 18 October 2022.

Kubontubuh C.P., Martokusumo W., Meeting the Past in the Present: Authenticity and Cultural Values in Heritage Conservation at the Fourteenth-Century Majapahit Heritage Site in Trowulan, Indonesia, “International Journal of Heritage Studies” 2020, Vol. 26(5).

Lambang dalam Pusaran Mafia Purbakala [Coat of Arms in the Vortex of the Antiquities Mafia], “Tempo”, 29 September 2008, https://majalah.tempo.co/read/investigasi/128323/lambang-dalam-pusaran-mafia-purbakala [accessed: 25.10.2022].

Larosasari L.D., Pattipeilohy S.C.H., Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia Menyangkut Ketidakikutsertaan Dalam Ratifikasi [Indonesia’s Foreign Policy Regarding Non-Participation in Ratification], “Journal of International Relations” 2019, Vol. 5(4).

Legêne S., Postel-Coster E., Isn’t It All Culture? Culture and Dutch Development Policy in the Post-Colonial Period, in: J.A. Nekkers, P.A.M. Malcontent (eds.), Fifty Years of Dutch Development Cooperation 1949-1999, SDU Publishers, The Hague 2000.

Logan W.S., Closing Pandora’s Box: Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage Protection, in: H. Silverman, D. Fairchild Ruggles (eds.), Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, Springer, New York 2002.

Losson P., The Return of Cultural Heritage to Latin America: Nationalism, Policy, and Politics in Colombia, Mexico and Peru, Routledge, London 2022.

Marbun J., An Advocacy Approach on Underwater Heritage in Indonesia, Case Study: An Auction on Underwater Heritage from Cirebon Waters in 2010http://www.themua.org/collections/files/original/b4d3ef18e9639823a6c4243b9eeb09d0.pdf [accessed: 18.10.2022].

Martowikrido W., Heirlooms of the Outer Islands, in: H. Soebadio, J. Miksic (eds.), Art of Indonesia: Pusaka, The Vendome Press, New York 1992.

Maulipaksi D., Repatriasi, Upaya Indonesia Kembalikan Benda Cagar Budaya dari Belanda [Repatriation, Indonesia’s Efforts to Return Cultural Heritage Objects from the Netherlands], 11 January 2021, https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2021/01/repatriasi-upaya-indonesia-kembalikan-benda-cagar-budaya-dari-belanda [accessed: 29.09.2022].

Michael Hatcher Si Pemburu Harta Karun Kapal Tek Sing di Perairan Baangka Belitung [Michael Hatcher – The Treasure Hunter of the Tek Sing Ship in Baangka Belitung Waters], “Wow Babel”, 22 August 2022, https://www.wowbabel.com/nasional/pr-5984234927/michael-hatcher-si-pemburu-harta-karun-kapal-tek-sing-di-perairan-bangka-belitung [accessed: 02.10.2022].

Ministry Encourages Cultural Preservation Through Social Media Campaign, “Antara News”, 10 August 2022, https://en.antaranews.com/news/243713/ministry-encourages-cultural-preservation-through-social-media-content  [accessed: 15.11.2022].

Monumenten Ordonnantie Tahun 1931 [Monument Ordinance of 1931].

Mozaffari A., Jones T. (eds.), Heritage Movements in Asia, Berghahn Books, New York 2020.

Nagaoka M., Revitalization of Borobudur: Heritage Tourism Promotion and Local Community Empowerment in Cultural Industries, ICOMOS, Paris 2011, http://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/1271/1/III-3-Article1_Nagaoka.pdf [accessed: 18.10.2022].

Nayar M., The Netherlands Has Chosen to Publicly Acknowledge Its Bloody Past, “The Week”, 26 June 2022, https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2022/06/18/the-netherlands-has-chosen-to-publicly-acknowledge-its-bloody-past.html [accessed: 19.10.2022].

Netherlands Advised to Return Art Looted During Colonial Era, “NLTimes”, 7 October 2020, https://nltimes.nl/2020/10/07/netherlands-advised-return-art-looted-colonial-era [accessed: 19.10.2022].

Pearson N., At What Cost: The Impact of Indonesia’s Omnibus Law on Underwater Cultural Heritage, “New Mandala”, 12 March 2021, https://www.newmandala.org/at-what-cost-the-impact-of-indonesias-omnibus-law-on-underwater-cultural-heritage/ [accessed: 20.10.2022].

Picard M., Cultural Heritage and Tourist Capital: Cultural Tourism in Bali, in: M.-F. Lanfant,

J.B. Allcock, E.M. Bruner (eds.), International Tourism: Identity and Change, SAGE, London 1995.

Poesponegoro M.D., Notosusanto N., Sejarah Nasional Indonesia [National History of Indonesia], Vol. 6, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional, Jakarta 1983.

Pott P.H., Sutaarga A., Arrangements Concluded or in Progress for the Return of Objects: the Netherlands-Indonesia, “Museum International” 1979, Vol31(1).

Prameswari V.M., Sushartami W., Ristiawan R.R., Perceived Authenticity of the Pancasila Sakti Museum by High School Students, “International Journal of Tourism Anthropology” 2021, Vol. 8(3).

Pretylia V., Tinjauan Hukum Pelelangan Benda Berharga Muatan Kapal Tenggelam (BMKT) [Legal Review of the Auction of Valuable Objects of Sinking Vessels (BMKT)], “University of Bengkulu Law Journal” 2017, Vol. 2(2).

Priherdityo E., Catatan Kelam Kehilangan Warisan Leluhur Indonesia [The Dark Record of Losing Indonesia’s Ancestral Heritage], “CNN Indonesia”, 26 August 2017, https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20170825122202-241-237227/catatan-kelam-kehilangan-warisan-leluhur-indonesia [accessed: 25.10.2022].

Priherdityo E., Setelah 183 Tahun, Pusaka Diponegoro Kembali ke Tanah Air [After 183 Years, Diponegoro’s Heritage Returns to the Country], “CNN Indonesia”, 6 February 2015, https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20150206081535-241-30092/setelah-183-tahun-pusaka-diponegoro-kembali-ke-tanah-air [accessed: 27.09.2022].

Raad voor Cultuur, Advies over de omgang met koloniale collecties, Raad voor Cultuur, Den Haag 2020, https://www.raadvoorcultuur.nl/documenten/adviezen/2020/10/07/advies-koloniale-collecties-en-erkenning-van-onrecht [accessed: 19.10.2022].

Renaldi A., Indonesia Can’t Stop Its Illegal Treasure Hunters, “Vice”, 20 November 2017, https://www.vice.com/en/article/zmzyva/indonesia-cant-stop-its-illegal-treasure-hunters [accessed: 11.03.2021].

Ricklefs M.C., A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2008.

Ridlo M.M.H., Alfian M.F., Posisi Indonesia Dalam Rezim UNESCO Perlindungan Cagar Budaya Bawah Air: Pencurian Bangkai Kapal Milik Asing di Laut Indonesia [Indonesia’s Position in the UNESCO Regime of Underwater Cultural Heritage Protection: Theft of Foreign-Owned Shipwrecks in Indonesian Seas], “Journal of International Relations” 2021, Vol. 7(2).

Sedyawati E., ter Keurs P., Scholarship, Curiosity and Politics, in: E.S. Hardiati, P. ter Keurs (eds.), Indonesia: The Discovery of the Past, KIT Publishers, Leiden 2005.

Setiawan A., Keris Pangeran Diponegoro Tiba di Tanah Air [Prince Diponegoro’s Keris Arrives in Indonesia], “Historia.id”, 5 March 2020, https://historia.id/kultur/articles/keris-pangeran-diponegoro-tiba-di-tanah-air-v22Y3 [accessed: 28.09.2020].

Silver C., Tourism, Cultural Heritage, and Human Rights in Indonesia: The Challenges of an Emerging Democratic Society, in: H. Silverman, D. Fairchild Ruggles (eds.), Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, Springer, New York 2007.

Siregar J.P., Heritage and the Change of Meaning: Understanding the Urban Heritage in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, “IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science” 2019, Vol. 340(1).

Small Z., Citizen Activists Lead the Hunt for Antiquities Looted from Nepal, “The New York Times”, 29 October 2021.

Smith L., Uses of Heritage, Routledge, London 2006.

Stutje K., Provenance Report Regarding The Banjarmasin Diamond, March 2022, https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/488924995/RAP_PPROCEprovenanceReport_13
_BanjarmasinDiamond_NG_C_2000_3_v10_202203.pdf
 [accessed: 19.10.2022].

Sudarmadi T., An Ethnoarchaeological Study of the Ngadha: A Megalithic Culture in Central Flores Indonesia, MA thesis, University of New England, 1999.

Sudarmadi T., Between Colonial Legacies and Grassroots Movements: Exploring Cultural Heritage Practice in the Ngadha and Manggarai Region of Flores, PhD dissertation, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 2014.

Sulistiyono S.T., Rochwilaningsih Y., Contest for Hegemony: The Dynamics of Inland and Maritime Cultures Relations in the History of Java Island, Indonesia, “Journal of Marine and Island Cultures” 2013, Vol. 2(2), pp. 115-127.

Suratno T., Rizal I.J., 40 Kapal Jarah Barang Cagar Budaya di Sungai Batanghari Jambi [40 Boats Loot Cultural Heritage Objects in Jambi’s Batanghari River], “Metro Jambi”, 13 September 2022, https://www.metrojambi.com/read/2022/09/13/73419/40-kapal-jarah-barang-cagar-budaya-di-sungai-batanghari-jambi [accessed: 02.10.2022].

Sushartami W., Ristiawan R.R., The Well of Truth: Managing Authenticity in the Pancasila Sakti Monument, “Asian Journal of Tourism Research” 2018, Vol. 3(1).

Tanudirjo D.A., Islands in Between: Prehistory of the Northeastern Indonesian Archipelago, PhD dissertation, Australian National University, 2001.

Tyson A., Being Special, Becoming Indigenous: Dilemmas of Special Adat Rights in Indonesia, “Asian Journal of Social Science” 2011, Vol. 39(5).

UN General Assembly, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2 October 2007, UN Doc. A/RES/61/295

Undang-undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 [Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia of 1945].

Undang-Undang No. 11 Tahun 2010 tentang Cagar Budaya [Law No. 11 of 2010 Concerning Cultural Conservation].

Undang-Undang No. 5 Tahun 1992 tentang Benda Cagar Budaya [Law No. 5 of 1992 on Cultural Heritage Objects].

UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects, 24 June 1995, 34 ILM 1322.

van Beurden J., Treasures in Trusted Hands: Negotiating the Future of Colonial Cultural Objects, Sidestone Press, Leiden 2017.

van Nuland M., Indonesië eist Java-mens en andere topstukken terug van Nederland, “Trouw”, 18 October 2022, https://www.trouw.nl/binnenland/indonesie-eist-java-mens-en-an-dere-topstukken-terug-van-nederland~be6860e9 [accessed: 18.10.2022].

Vickers A., A History of Modern Indonesia, Cambridge University Press, New York 2005. Volkman T.A., Visions and Revisions: Toraja Culture and the Tourist Gaze, “American Ethnologist” 1990, Vol. 17(1).

Warga Persoalkan Pembongkaran Bangunan Kuno Kotabaru Yogyakarta [Residents Question the Demolition of Kotabaru Ancient Building in Yogyakarta], “Antara News”, 7 March 2018, https://jogja.antaranews.com/berita/353456/warga-persoalkan-pembong-karan-bangunan-kuno-kotabaru-yogyakarta [accessed: 19.10.2022].

Westerlaken Foundation, Letter for the Raad voor Cultuur, 21 October 2020, https://www.westerlakenfoundation.org/post/letter-for-the-raad-voor-cultuur [accessed: 23.10.2022].

Widianto E., Benda Cagar Budaya Peninggalan Majapahit “Dijarah” [Majapahit Heritage Objects Are “Looted”], “Terakota”, 11 March 2019, https://www.terakota.id/benda-cagar-budaya-peninggalan-majapahit-dijarah [accessed: 27.10.2022].

Widianto E., Nasib Rumah Bung Tomo [The Fate of Bung Tomo’s House], “Terakota”, 15 October 2019, https://www.terakota.id/nasib-rumah-bung-tomo/ [accessed: 24.10.2022].

Widyanuratikah I., Proses Repatriasi Cagar Budaya Butuh Hingga Empat Tahun [Repatriation Process of Cultural Heritage Needs Four Years], “Republika”, 11 January 2021, https://www.republika.co.id/berita/qmrkf7428/proses-repatriasi-cagar-budaya-butuh-hing-ga-empat-tahun [accessed: 21.09.2022].

Wijaya A.H., Masyarakat Diminta Berperan Aktif Lestarikan Cagar Budaya [Public is Asked to Play Active Role in Preserving Cultural Heritage], “Valid News”, 10 January 2022, https://validnews.id/kultura/masyarakat-diminta-berperan-aktif-lestari-kan-cagar-budaya[accessed: 24.10.2022].

Wijaya C., Indonesia-Belanda: Ratusan ribu benda bersejarah Indonesia dimiliki Belanda, akankah segera dikembalikan? [Indonesia–the Netherlands: Thousands of Historical Objects from Indonesia are Owned by the Dutch, Will They Be Returned?], “BBC News”, 13 March 2020, https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-51749544 [accessed: 21.09.2022].

Wijoyono E., Pusaka dalam Genggaman [Heritage on the Hand], 1 July 2014, https://elantowow.wordpress.com/2014/07/01/konservasi-pusaka-dalam-genggaman/#more-600 [accessed: 25.10.2022].

Wirayudha R., Repatriasi Artefak Indonesia dan Virus Dekolonisasi [Repatriation of Indonesian Artifacts and the Virus of Decolonization], “Historia.id”, 13 March 2020, https://historia.id/kultur/articles/repatriasi-artefak-indonesia-dan-virus-dekolonisasi-PzdlE [accessed: 28.09.2022].

Information

Information: Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2022, 2/2022 (8), pp. 383 - 406

Article type: Original article

Titles:

Polish:

Protection and Repatriation of Cultural Heritage – Country Report: Indonesia

English:

Protection and Repatriation of Cultural Heritage – Country Report: Indonesia

Authors

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0673-6719

Rucitarahma Ristiawan
Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0673-6719 Orcid
All publications →

Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4631-115X

Tular Sudarmadi
Gadjah Mada University (Indonesia)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4631-115X Orcid
All publications →

Gadjah Mada University (Indonesia)

Published at: 18.04.2023

Article status: Open

Licence: CC BY  licence icon

Percentage share of authors:

Emiline Smith (Author) - 33.33%
Rucitarahma Ristiawan (Author) - 33.33%
Tular Sudarmadi (Author) - 33.33%

Article corrections:

-

Publication languages:

English