National Laws Related to Intangible Cultural Heritage: Determining the Object of a Comparative Study

Anita Vaivade; Noé Wagener

Titles

Abstract

This article is part of a collective research that focuses on studying various national legal tools elaborated for implementing the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), adopted in 2003. Instead of presenting the first results of this comparative law research project still in progress, the purpose of this article is to question the object of such a comparative study – before comparing and even before defining the scope of the study in terms of countries to be studied. It is certain that a comparative study on ICH law cannot be carried out simply based on a database gathering national laws using the term “ICH”. The pitfall is twofold: on one hand, it would be an error to think that one starts from nothing, and that ICH law remains still to be written in the vast majority of States; while on the other hand it would also be an error to create artificial continuities, with more or less assumed political implications, made up of legal regulations of yesterday and today which, nevertheless, do not claim to concern ICH. It is in the interval between these two extremes that legal continuities, as well as disruptions of the legislative histories may be observed, and all of these would enrich our understanding about the contexts in which the term “ICH” has been incorporated into national legal systems.

Keywords

intangible cultural heritage, cultural heritage law, national law, legal history, comparative analysis

References

Aikawa N., An Historical Overview of the Preparation of the UNESCO International Convention

for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, “Museum International” 2004,

Vol. 56(1-2).

Aikawa-Faure N., From the Proclamation of Masterpieces to the Convention for the Safeguarding

of Intangible Cultural Heritage, in: L. Smith, N. Akagawa (eds.), Intangible Heritage, Routledge,

London – New York 2009.

Antons C., Logan W. (eds.), Intellectual Property, Cultural Property and Intangible Cultural Heritage,

Routledge, London 2018.

Auby J.-B., Globalisation, Law and the State, Hart Publishing, Oxford 2017.

Bedjaoui M., The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage: The Legal

Framework and Universally Recognized Principles, “Museum International” 2004,

Vol. 56(1-2).

Blake J., International Cultural Heritage Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2015.

Blake J., Patrimoine culturel immatériel, in: M. Cornu, F. Orsi, J. Rochfeld (eds.), Dictionnaire des

biens communs, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 2017.

Blake J. (ed.), Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage – Challenges and Approaches, Institute

of Art and Law, Builth Wells 2007.

Bortolotto C., The French Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage: Domesticating a Global Paradigm

into French Heritage Regime, in: R.F. Bendix et al. (eds.), Heritage Regimes and the

State, Göttingen University Press, Göttingen 2013.

Cang V.G., Defining Intangible Cultural Heritage and its Stakeholders: The Case of Japan, “International

Journal of Intangible Heritage” 2007, Vol. 2.

Chamber of Deputies, Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 4th edn., Constitutional

text enacted on October 5, 1988, with the alterations established by Revision Constitutional

Amendments No. 1, 1994 through 6, 1994, by Constitutional Amendments

No. 1, 1992 through 90, 2015, and by Legislative Decree No. 186, 2008, Documentation

and Information Center, Edições Câmara, Brasília 2016.

Cornu M., Fromageau J., Hottin C. (eds.), Droit et patrimoine culturel immatériel, L’Harmattan,

Paris 2013.

Delmas-Marty M., Vers une communauté de valeurs ? Les forces imaginantes du droit (IV), Editions

du Seuil, Paris 2011.

Demotte R., National Policies Concerning Intangible Cultural Heritage: The Example of Belgium’s

French Community, “Museum International” 2004, Vol. 56(1–2).

Giuliano S.G., Sorgi O. (eds.), Norme per la catalogazione di beni demoetnoantropologici materiali,

Regione Siciliana. Assessorato dei beni culturali, ambientali e della pubblica

istruzione, Dipartimento dei Beni Culturali, Ambientali e dell’Educazione Permanente,

Centro Regionale per l’Inventario, la Catalogazione e la Documentazione grafica, fotografica,

aerofotografica, fotogrammetrica e audiovisiva dei beni culturali ed ambientali,

Palermo 2006.

Halpérin J.-L., Profils des mondialisations du droit, Dalloz, Paris 2009.

Intangible Cultural Heritage Law, 29 September 2016, Latvijas Vēstnesis, 2016, Vol. 204,

https://likumi.lv/ta/en/id/285526-intangible-cultural-heritage-law [accessed:

27.12.2017].

International Meeting of Experts Intangible Cultural Heritage: Priority Domains for an International

Convention, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 22-24 January 2002, Final Report, https://ich.unesco.

org/doc/ src/00074-EN.pdf [accessed: 27.12.2017].

Israël L., L’arme du droit, Les Presses de Sciences Po, Paris 2009.

Jacobs M., The Spirit of the Convention – Interlocking Principles and Ethics for the Safeguarding

Intangible Cultural Heritage, “International Journal of Intangible Heritage” 2016,

Vol. 11.

Jongsung Y., Korean Cultural Property Protection Law with Regard to Korean Intangible Heritage,

“Museum International” 2004, Vol. 56(1–2).

Labadi S., UNESCO, Cultural Heritage and Outstanding Universal Value: Value-based Analyses of

the World Heritage and Intangible Cultural Heritage, AltaMira, Lanham 2013.

Legrand P. (ed.), Comparer les droits, résolument, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 2009.

Legrand P., The Impossibility of ‘Legal Transplants’, “Maastricht Journal of European & Comparative

Law” 1997, Vol. 4.

Legrand P., Munday R. (eds.), Comparative Legal Studies: Traditions and Transitions, Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge 2003.

Lixinski L., Intangible Cultural Heritage in International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford

2013.

Loi n° 2016-925 du 7 juillet 2016 relative à la liberté de la création, à l’architecture et au

patrimoine [Law no. 2016-925 on the freedom of creation, architecture, and heritage],

7 July 2016, Journal officiel de la République française, 2016, no. 158, https://www.

legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000032854341&categorieLien=

id [accessed: 27.12.2017].

Londrès C., The Registry of Intangible Heritage: The Brazilian Experience, “Museum International”

2004, Vol. 56(1–2).

Martinet L., Les expressions culturelles traditionnelles en droit international, [Ph.D. diss.], Université

Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne 2017.

Nafziger J.A.R., Paterson R.K., Renteln A.D., Cultural Law: International, Comparative, and Indigenous,

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2010.

Nelken D., Feest J. (eds.), Adapting Legal Cultures, Hart Publishing, Oxford 2001.

Örücü E., Nelken D. (eds.), Comparative Law: A Handbook, Hart Publishing, Oxford 2007.

Shikaumi N., Cultural Policy in Japan, UNESCO, Paris 1970.

Torggler B., Sediakina-Rivière E. (with J. Blake as consultant), Evaluation of UNESCO’s Standard-

setting Work of the Culture Sector. Part I – 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of

the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Final Report, UNESCO, Paris 2013, http://unesdoc.unesco.

org/images/0022/002230/223095E.pdf [accessed: 27.12.2017].

UNESCO General Conference, 20th session, Reports of Member States on the Action Taken by

Them to Implement the Recommendation on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the

Illicit Export, Import and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1964) and the Convention

on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Export, Import and Transfer of

Ownership of Cultural Property (1970), 15 September 1978, Ref. 20 C/84.