FAQ

Cultural Heritage Vandalism and Looting: The Role of Terrorist Organizations, Public Institutions and Private Collectors

Publication date: 08.02.2016

Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2015, 2/2015 (1), pp. 27 - 62

https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050XSR.15.012.4510

Authors

Leila A. Amineddoleh
Galluzzo & Amineddoleh LLP
All publications →

Titles

Cultural Heritage Vandalism and Looting: The Role of Terrorist Organizations, Public Institutions and Private Collectors

Abstract

The destruction and looting of cultural heritage in the Middle East by terrorist organizations is well-documented by social media and the press. Its brutality and severity have drawn international criticism as the violent destruction of heritage is classified as a war crime. Efforts have been made to preserve objects against bombing and destruction, as archaeologists and other volunteers safeguard sites prior to assault. There is also precedent for prosecuting heritage destruction via national and international tribunals. In term of looting, black-market antiquities provide a revenue stream for ISIS; therefore, efforts must be made to stop this harmful trade. Governmental agencies have taken actions to prevent funding through antiquities. Public institutions have a role in safeguarding looted works by providing asylum to them without fueling the black market. At the same time, private collectors must also not purchase any items from the black market. Through education and enforcement of legislation intended to protect cultural heritage, it may be possible to reduce the market for looted antiquities.

References

31 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 576, Iraq Stabilization and Insurgency Sanctions Regulations.

AAMD Protocols for Save Havens for Works of Cultural Significance from Countries in Crisis, 1 October 2015, https://www.aamd.org/for-the-media/press-release/aamd-issues-protocols-to-protect-works-of-cultural-significance-in [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Adler A., An Unintended and Absurd Expansion: The Application of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act to Foreign Lands, “New Mexico Law Review” 2008, Vol. 38.

Adler A.L., Urice S.K., Resolving the Disjunction Between Cultural Property Policy and Law: A Call for Reform, “Rutgers Law Review” 2011, Vol. 64.

Alberge D., Turkey turns to human rights law to reclaim British Museum sculptures, “The Guardian”, 8 December 2012, http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/dec/08/turkeybritish-museum-sculptures-rights [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Almukhtar S., The Strategy Behind the Islamic State’s Destruction of Ancient Sites, “New York Times”, 31 August 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/06/29/world/middleeast/isis-historic-sites-control.html?_r=0 [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Amanpour C., Syrian antiquities chief: Palmyra taken hostage by ISIS, “CNN News”, 31 August 2015, http://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2015/08/31/intv-amanpour-maamoun-abdulkarim- palmyra-isis.cnn/video/playlists/amanpour/ [accessed: 15.11.2015]. Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979, 16 USC §§ 470aa-470mm (1979).

Bator P.M., The International Trade in Art, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1983.

Bauer A.A., Editorial: The Destruction of Heritage in Syria and Iraq and Its Implications, “International Journal of Cultural Property” 2015, Vol. 22.

Blake J., International Cultural Heritage Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2015.

Bogdanos M., Thieves of Baghdad, Bloomsbury, London 2005.

Bowersock G., Syria under Vespasian, “Journal of Roman Studies” 1973, Vol. 63.

Brodie N., Analysis of the Looting, Selling, and Collecting of Apulian Red-Figure Vases: A Quantitative

Approach, in: N. Brodie, J. Doole, C. Renfrew (eds.), Illicit Antiquities: The Destruction of the World’s Archaeological Heritage, McDonald Institute, Cambridge 2001.

Brodie N., Archaeological Looting and Economic Justice, in: P.M. Messenger, G.S. Smith (eds.), Cultural Heritage Management, Policies and Issues in Global Perspective, University Press of Florida, Gainesville 2010.

Brodie N., The Concept of Due Diligence and the Antiquities Trade, “Culture Without Context” Autumn 1999.

Calling Attacks ‘a War Crime’, Secretary-General Strongly Condemns Destruction of Cultural Heritage Sites in Iraq, United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, 6 March 2015, http://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sgsm16570.doc.htm [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Chon G., Thet S., Behind the Killing Fields: A Khmer Rouge Leader and One of His Victims, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 2010.

Coldewey D., Satellite Images Show Widespread Looting At Syrian Landmarks, “NBC News”, 19 December 2014, http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/satellite-images-show-widespread-looting-syrian-landmarks-n272161 [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Conflict Antiquities, Panel 1, United States Department of State, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, http://eca.state.gov/video/conflict-antiquities-panel-1-video [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 14 May 1954, 249 UNTS 240.

Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act, 19 USC §§ 2601-2613 (2012).

Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, 14 November 1970, 823 UNTS 231.

Cox S., The men who smuggle the loot that funds IS, “BBC News”, 17 February 2015, http:// www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31485439 (noting that “ISIS taxes everything”) [accessed:15.11.2015].

Crook J.M., The Greek Revival, Country Life Books, Feltham 1968. Cultural Destruction as a War Crime, “New York Times”, 8 October 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/09/opinion/cultural-destruction-as-a-war-crime.html?_r=1 [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Culture under Threat: Antiquities Trafficking & Terrorist Financing – NY Forum, The Antiquities Coalition, 24 September 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFsAf7Dslq8 [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Cuno J., Culture War: The Case Against Repatriating Museum Artifacts, “Foreign Affairs”, November/December 2014, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/africa/culture-war [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Cuno J., Museums Matter: In Praise of the Encyclopedic Museum, University of Chicago Press, 2013.

Curry A., A War Diary Soars Over Rome, September 2012, http://www.nationalgeographic.com/trajan-column/article.html [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Customs Laws: 18 USC § 545 (“Smuggling goods into the United States”), 18 USC. § 541 (Entry of Goods Falsely Classified), 18 USC § 542 (Entry of Goods by Means of False Statements), 18 USC § 1001 (False Statements), and 19 USC § 1595a(c) (Importation contrary to Law).

Cyprus: Destruction of Cultural Property in the Northern Part of Cyprus and Violations of International Law, The Law Library of Congress, April 2009, http://www.loc.gov/law/help/cultural-property-destruction/cyprus.php [accessed: 15.11.2015].

De Sanctis F.M., Money Laundering Through Art. A Criminal Justice Perspective, Springer, Cham, Heidelberg 2013.

DeAngelis I., How Much Provenance is Enough? – Post-Schultz Guidelines for Art Museum Acquisition of Archeological Materials and Ancient Art, PA American Law Institute American Bar Association, Philadelphia 2005.

Destroy, sell, hide: How Islamic State exploits antiquities, PBS Newshour, 19 August 2015, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/destroy-sell-hide-islamic-state-exploits-antiquities/ [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Destroyed During Invasion, http://www.worldheritagesite.org/tags/tag183.html [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Destruction of Palmyra’s Baalshamin Temple ‘a war crime’, “BBC News”, 24 August 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34043676 [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Dobovšek B., Slak B., The Significance of Studying and Investigation Art Crime: Old Reasons, New World, Varstvolslovje, “Journal of Criminal Justice and Security” 2011, No. 4, http://www.fvv.uni-mb.si/rV/arhiv/2011-4/03_Dobovsek_Slak.pdf [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Edgers G., One of the world’s most respected curators vanished from the art world. Now she wants
to tell her story, “The Washington Post”, 22 August 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.
com/entertainment/museums/the-curator-who-vanished/2015/08/19/d32390f8-459e-11e5-846d-02792f854297_story.html [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Eire C.M.N., War against the Idols: The Reformation of Worship from Erasmus to Calvin, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989.

Emergency Preservation Activities Completed at Syria’s Ma’arra Mosaic Museum, “Smithsonian”, 5 March 2015, http://newsdesk.si.edu/releases/emergency-preservation-activitiescompleted-syria-s-ma-arra-mosaic-museum [accessed: 15.11.2015].

European Convention on Human Rights, 4 November 1950, 213 UNTS 221.

Felch J., Frammolino R., Chasing Aphrodite: The Hunt for Looted Antiquities at the World’s Richest Museum, 2nd edn., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, New York 2011.

Fox C., Note, The UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects: An Answer to the World Problem of Illicit Trade in Cultural Property, “American University Journal of International Law and Policy” 1993, Vol. 9.

Francioni F., Gordley J., Enforcing International Cultural Heritage Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013.

Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims, 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 31.

Gerstenblith P., Acquisition and Deacquisition of Museum Collections and the Fiduciary Obligations of Museums to the Public, “Cardozo Journal International and Comparative Law” 2003, Vol. 11.

Gerstenblith P., Controlling the International Market in Antiquities: Reducing the Harm, Preserving the Past, “Chicago Journal of International Law” 2007, Vol. 8.

Giglio M., al-Awad M., Inside the Underground Trade to Sell Off Syria’s History, “Buzzfeed”, 30 July 2015, http://www.buzzfeed.com/mikegiglio/the-trade-in-stolen-syrian-artifacts#.pwkNMxVd9 [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Giovanni J. di et al., How Does ISIS Fund Its Reign of Terror?, “Newsweek”, 6 November 2014, http://www.newsweek.com/2014/11/14/how-does-isis-fund-its-reign-terror-282607.html [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Graham-Harrison E., From Parthenon to Palmyra: a history of cultural destruction, “The Guardian”, 3 September 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2015/sep/03/palmyraisis-history-cultural-destruction-parthenon [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Grant D., Is It Possible to “Collect” Antiquities These Days?, “Huffington Post”, 5 April 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-grant/antiquities-collecting-due-diligence_b_844838.html [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Hardy S., How the West buys ‘conflict antiquities’ from Iraq and Syria (and funds terror), “Reuters”, 27 October 2014, http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/10/27/howthe-west-buys-conflict-antiquities-from-iraq-and-syria-and-funds-terror/ [accessed:15.11.2015].

Harmanşah Ö., ISIS, Heritage, and the Spectacles of Destruction in the Global Media, “Near Eastern Archaeology” 2015, Vol. 78.

Hay M., Stopping ISIS’s Destruction of Historical Sites: What Can and Can’t Be Done, “Good”, 1 September 2015, http://magazine.good.is/articles/stopping-the-destruction-of-historical-sites-isis-syria-palmyra?utm_source=thedailygood&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=dailygood [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Hoffman B.T., Art And Cultural Heritage: Law, Policy And Practice, Cambridge University Press, New York 2006.

Holland T., A martyr for civilisation: The 83-year-old archaeologist who devoted his life to saving Syria’s sublime ruins… and who refused to flee even when he knew ISIS savages would beheadhim, “Daily Mail”, 26 August 2015, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3212140/A-martyr-civilisation-83-d-devoted-life-saving-sublime-ruins-refused-flee-knew-ISIS-savages-behead-him.html [accessed: 15.11.2015].

http://www.artnews.com/2013/09/11/the-restitution-struggle/ [accessed: 15.11.2015].

http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/asp/states%20parties/Pages/the%20states%20parties%20to%20the%20rome%20statute.aspx [accessed: 15.11.2015].

http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/faqs/Sanctions/Pages/faq_other.aspx#syria_whole [accessed: 15.11.2015].

ISIL and Antiquities Trafficking, FBI Warns Dealers, Collectors About Terrorist Loot, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 26 August 2015, https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2015/august/isil-and-antiquities-trafficking [accessed: 15.11.2015].

ISIL and Antiquities Trafficking, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 26 August 2015, https://www.fbi.gov/news/news_blog/isil-and-antiquities-trafficking [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Islamic State militants behead archaeologist in Palmyra – Syrian official, “Reuters”, 18 August 2015, http://uk.mobile.reuters.com/article/idUKKCN0QN24I20150818 [accessed:15.11.2015].

Islamic State photos ‘show Palmyra temple destruction’, “BBC News”, 25 August 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34051870 [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Jakubowski A., State Succession in Cultural Property, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2015.

Jokilehto J., The World Heritage List. What is OUV? Defining the Outstanding Universal Value of Cultural World Heritage Properties, Monuments and Sites, Vol. 16, Hendrik Bäßler Verlag, Berlin 2008.

Jones C., In Battle Against ISIS, Saving Lives or Ancient Artifacts, Hyperallergic, 17 April 2015, http://hyperallergic.com/200005/in-battle-against-isis-saving-lives-or-ancient-artifacts/[accessed: 15.11.2015].

Jones C., New Documents Prove ISIS Heavily Involved in Antiquities Trafficking, “Gates of Nineveh”, 30 September 2015, https://gatesofnineveh.wordpress.com/2015/09/30/new-documents-prove-isis-heavily-involved-in-antiquities-trafficking/ [accessed:15.11.2015].

Jurisdiction, International Court of Justice, http://www.icj-cij.org/jurisdiction/index.php? p1=5 [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Kleiner F., Mamiya Ch.J., Gardner’s Art Through the Ages, The Western Perspective, Vol. 1, 12th edn., Thomson Wadsworth, 2006.

Knight C., The Mosul Museum video from Islamic State could be a staged drama, “Los Angeles Times”, 28 February 2015, http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cmmosul-museum-knight-notebook-20150228-column.html [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Kohn D., ISIS’s Looting Campaign, “The New Yorker”, 14 October 2014, http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/isis-looting-campaign-iraq-syria [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Kreder J.A., The Choice between Civil and Criminal Remedies in Stolen Art Litigation, “Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law” 2005, Vol. 38.

LaFranci H., What Syrian antiquities reveal about Islamic State’s billion-dollar economy, “The Christian Science Monitor”, 25 August 2015, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2015/0825/What-Syrian-antiquities-reveal-about-Islamic-State-s-billion-dollar-economy [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Leask A., Yeoman I., Heritage Visitor Attractions: An Operations Management Perspective, Thomson, London 2004.

Liebeschuetz W., East and West in Late Antiquity: Invasion, Settlement, Ethnogenesis and Conflicts of Religion, Brill 2015.

Louvre showcases antiquities as Palmyra is destroyed, “CNN News”, 8 September 2015, http:// www.cnn.com/videos/world/2015/09/08/pkg-amanpour-louvre-unesco-irina-bokova.cnn [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Lowry G.D., A Deontological Approach to Art Museums and the Public Trust, in: J. Cuno (ed.), Whose Muse? Art Museums and the Public Trust, Princeton University Press and Harvard University Press, Princeton – Cambridge (MA) 2004.

Lozano Bielat H., Islamic State and the Hypocrisy of Sovereignty, E-International Relations, 20 March 2015, http://www.e-ir.info/2015/03/20/islamic-state-and-the-hypocrisyof-sovereignty/ [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Luban D., Contrived ignorance, “Georgetown Law Journal” 1998, Vol. 87.

Malaro M.C., DeAngelis I., A Legal Primer on Managing Museum Collections, Smithsonian Books, 1998.

Mali: The hearing of Abou Tourab before the ICC is a victory, but charges must be expanded, Worldwide Movement for Human Rights, 30 September 2015, https://www.fidh.org/en/issues/international-justice/international-criminal-court-icc/mali-the-hearing-ofabou-tourab-before-the-icc-is-a-victory-but [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Martinez A., Disgraced Getty Curator Marion True Roars Back With Tell-All Memoir, “Observer”, 25 August 2015, http://observer.com/2015/08/disgraced-getty-curator-marion-trueroars-back-with-tell-all-memoir/ [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Mausoleum of Halikarnassos (Room 21), The British Museum, http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/galleries/ancient_greece_and_rome/room_21_halikarnassos.aspx [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Merrills J.G., Robertson A.H., Human Rights in Europe: A Study of the European Convention on Human Rights Manchester University Press, Manchester 2001.

Miles M., Art as Plunder: The Ancient Origins of Debate About Cultural Property, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2008.

Miller M., Looting and the Antiquities Market, “Athena Review”, Vol. 4.

Moore J., Defying ISIS: Preserving Christianity in the Place of Its Birth and in Your Own Backyard, Thomas Nelson, 2015.

More than 3,000 artifacts seized in Istanbul raid, “Daily Sabah Turkey”, 1 September 2015, http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2015/09/02/more-than-3000-artifacts-seizedin-istanbul-raid [accessed: 15.11.2015].

National Stolen Property Act, 18 USC §§ 2314-2315.

Palmyra’s Baalshamin temple ‘blown up by IS’, “BBC News”, 24 August 2015, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-34036644 [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 20 March 1952, 213 UNTS 262.

Prott L., The International Movement of Cultural Objects, “International Journal of Cultural Property” 2005, Vol. 12.

Red List, United States Department of State, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, http://eca.state.gov/cultural-heritage-center/iraq-cultural-heritage-initiative/red-list[accessed: 15.11.2015].

Renfrew C., Loot, Legitimacy and Ownership: The Ethical Crisis in Archaeology, “Duckworth Debates in Archaeology”, 20 October 2000.

Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 348 (1959).

Romey K., ISIS Destruction of Ancient Sites Hits Mostly Muslim Targets, “National Geographic”, 2 July 2015, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/07/150702-ISISPalmyra-destruction-salafism-sunni-shiite-sufi-Islamic-State/#.VbY60e20bho.facebook [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Salaheddin S. et al., Iraq Says ISIS Demolishes Ruins To Cover Up Massive Looting Of Cultural Heritage, “Huffington Post”, 12 May 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/12/isis-demolishes-ruins-looting_n_7264792.html [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Schmid A.P., Terrorism as Psychological Warfare, “Democracy and Security” 2005, Vol. 1.

Sebesta J., Bonfante L., The World of Roman Costume, University of Wisconsin Press, 1994.

Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 26 March 1999, 2253 UNTS 212.

Seiff A., Looted Booty Bolstered by A Growing Body of International and Domestic Law, More Countries Are Successfully Gaining the Return of Looted Cultural Treasures, “ABA Journal” July 2014.

Seymour M., Vanished Images, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Assyria to Iberia, 6 October 2014, http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2014/assyria-to-iberia/blog/posts/vanished-images [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Shaheed F., Report of the independent expert in the field of cultural rights, A/HRC/17/38, United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Council Seventeenth Session Agenda Item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/images/Report%20of%20Farida%20Shaheed.pdf [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Shaheen K., Outcry over Isis destruction of ancient Assyrian site of Nimrud, “The Guardian”, 6 March 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/06/isis-destroys-ancient-assyrian-site-of-nimrud [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Silverman H., Ruggles D.F. (eds.), Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, Springer, New York 2007.

Smith II A.M., Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013.

Soguel D., Why ISIS blew up Syria’s iconic Bel temple, “The Christian Science Monitor”, 31 August 2015, http://m.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2015/0831/Why-Islamic-State-set-off-explosives-at-Syria-s-ancient-Bel-temple [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Speer A., Inside The Third Reich, The Macmillan Company, New York 1970.

Stanton J., Amal Clooney Advises Greece to Take British Museum to international court to win back Elgin Marbles, saying: ‘It’s now, or never’, “DailyMail”, 13 May 2015, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3079325/Amal-Clooney-advises-Greece-British-Museuminternational-court-win-Elgin-Marbles-saying-s-never.html [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Statute of the International Criminal Court, 17 July 1998, 2187 UNTS 90.

Strengthening and Focusing Enforcement to Deter Organized Stealing and Enhance Safety Act of 2012, 18 USC § 2315 (2012).

Swains H., Terrorists Looting Antiquities On “An Industrial Scale”, “Town and Country”, 21 August 2015, http://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a3609/isiscreates/[accessed: 15.11.2015].

Taberner A.L., Cultural Property Acquisitions, Navigating the Shifting Landscape, Left Coast Pr, 2011.

Teijgeler R., Preserving Cultural Heritage in Times of Conflict, in: G. Gorman, S. Shep (eds.), Preservation Management for Libraries, Archives, and Museums, Facet Publishing, London 2006.

The Crimes of Palmyra, “New York Times”, 25 August 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/26/opinion/the-crimes-of-palmyra.html?smid=tw-share&_r=1 [accessed:15.11.2015].

The Protect and Preserve International Cultural Property Act, HR 1493, 114th Congress (2015-2016).

The Rest List, International Council of Museums, http://icom.museum/programmes/fighting-illicit-traffic/red-list/ [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Thomas J. (ed.), Interpretive Archaeology, Leicester University Press, 2000.

Thuesen I., The City-State in Ancient Syria, in: M.H. Hansen (ed.), A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures: An Investigation, Historisk-filosofiske skrifter, Vol. 21, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, København 2000.

Timbuktu mausoleum destruction suspect sent to ICC, “BBC News”, 26 September 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34368108 [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Trajan’s Column in Rome, 14 July 2015, http://www.trajans-column.org/ [accessed:15.11.2015].

U.N. warns of IS attacks on ancient sites, “THOnline”, 22 August 2015, http://www.thonline.com/news/national_world/article_31974b6e-67a5-5583-9dae-d1feb373e792.html [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2199 (2015), Security Council Condemns Trade with Al-Qaida Associated Groups, Threatens Further Targeted Sanctions, United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, 12 February 2015, http://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sc11775.doc.htm [accessed: 15.11.2015].

UNESCO Declaration Concerning the Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage, 17 October 2003, UNESCO Doc. 32 C/Res. 33 (2003).

United Nations Security Council Resolution No. 2199, 12 February 2015, UN Doc. S/ RES/2199 (2015).

United States Committee of the Blue Shield, http://uscbs.org/about-us.html [accessed: 15.11.2015].

United States Mission to the United Nations, Fact Sheet: UN Security Council Resolution 2199 on ISIL, 12 February 2015, http://usun.state.gov/briefing/statements/237432. htm [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948, UNGA Res 217 A(III). “Vandalism”, in: Mirriam-Webster Dictionary, 2015, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vandalism [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Varner E., Mutilation and Transformation: Damnatio Memoriae and Roman Imperial Portraiture, Brill, Leiden 2004.

Velozo T., Bento L., ISIS Is Destroying Priceless Artifacts. Here’s How to Stop Them, “The Diplomat”, 17 March 2015, http://thediplomat.com/2015/03/isis-is-destroying-pricelessartifacts-heres-how-to-stop-them/ [accessed.15.11.2015].

Vikan G., The Case For Buying Antiquities To Save Them, “Wall Street Journal”, 19 August 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-case-for-buying-antiquities-to-save-them-1440024491 [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Vlasic M.V., Turku H., How can we stop ISIS and the trafficking of our cultural heritage?, “World Economic Forum”, 31 August 2015, https://agenda.weforum.org/2015/08/isis-trafficking-cultural-heritage/ [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Waltman G., Prosecuting ISIS, 17 October 2014, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2537044 [accessed:15.11.2015].

Ward C., Following the trail of Syria’s looted history, “CBS News”, 9 September 2015, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/isis-looted-syrian-ancient-artifacts-black-market-us-andeurope/ [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Williams B., What Is Art Crime?, Damforst Museum, 14 October 2010, www.damforstmuseum.org/what_is_art_crime.html [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Wiser D., The Link Between the Islamic State and the Western Art Trade, “The Washington Free Beacon”, 14 September 2015, http://freebeacon.com/culture/the-link-between-theislamic-state-and-the-western-art-trade/ [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Withnall A., Isis executes Palmyra antiquities chief and hangs him from ruins he spent a lifetime restoring, “Monitor”, 19 August 2015, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-executes-palmyra-antiquities-chief-khaled-asaad-and-hangs-himfrom-ruins-he-spent-a-lifetime-restoring-10461601.html [accessed: 15.11.2015].

Witter B., Edsel R.M., The Monuments Men: Allied Heroes, Nazi Thieves, and the Greatest Treasure Hunt in History, Center Street, New York 2009.

Wolff H., Unilateral Economic Sanctions: Necessary Foreign Policy Tool or Ineffective Hindrance on American Businesses, “Houston Business and Tax Law Journal” 2005, Vol. 6.

Yeginsu C., Turkey’s New Spin on Human Rights: They Can Be Used to Recover Art, “International Business Times”, 14 January 2013, http://www.ibtimes.com/turkeys-new-spin-human-rights-they-can-be-used-recover-art-1004248 [accessed: 15.11.2015].
 

Information

Information: Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2015, 2/2015 (1), pp. 27 - 62

Article type: Original article

Titles:

Polish:

Cultural Heritage Vandalism and Looting: The Role of Terrorist Organizations, Public Institutions and Private Collectors

English:

Cultural Heritage Vandalism and Looting: The Role of Terrorist Organizations, Public Institutions and Private Collectors

Authors

Galluzzo & Amineddoleh LLP

Published at: 08.02.2016

Article status: Open

Licence: None

Percentage share of authors:

Leila A. Amineddoleh (Author) - 100%

Article corrections:

-

Publication languages:

English