FAQ

I re macedoni e le due corone di Zeus

Publication date: 26.06.2023

ELECTRUM, 2023, Volume 30, pp. 55 - 74

https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909EL.23.003.17320

Authors

Elena Santagati
University of Messina, Italy
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7709-5672 Orcid
All publications →

Titles

I re macedoni e le due corone di Zeus

Abstract

This paper aims to investigate the reasons why, since the reign of Philip II, the “national” Zeus, venerated on Olympus and Dion and characterized by the oak crown, was abandoned in favor of the Olympian Zeus of Elis, characterized by the olive/oleaster wreath. We notice that while the members of the royal family display, in life and death, an oak wreath as an insignia of their kingship, and at the same time also as a symbol of their highest divinity, the kings themselves issue the image of the panhellenic god with an olive/laurel wreath on their coins.

References

Download references

Adams, W. L. (2003), Other People’s Games: The Olympics, Macedonia and Greek Athletics, Journal of Sport History 30: 205–217.

Andronikos, M. (1984), Vergina: The Royal Tombs and the Ancient City, Athens.

Arena, E. (2011), L’introduzione della leggenda ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ nella monetazione di Alessandro Magno, RBN 157: 135–170.

Arena, E. (2013), Alessandro IV e la tomba III del ‘Grande Tumulo’ di Vergina. Per un riesame storico, Athenaeum 101: 71–102.

Baege, W. (1913), De Macedonum Sacris, Halis Saxonum.

Blech, M. (1982), Studien zum Kranz bei den Griechen, Berlin.

Boehringer, C. (1972), Zur Chronologie mittelhellenistischer Münzserien 220160 v. Chr., Berlin.

Borza, E. N., Palagia, O. (2007), The Chronology of the Macedonian Royal Tombs at Vergina, JDAI 122: 81–125.

Borza, E. N. (1990), In the Shadow of Olympus: the Emergence of Macedon, Princeton.

Borza, E. N. (1993), The Philhellenism of Archelaus, in: Ancient Macedonia 5. Papers Read at the Fifth International Symposium held in ThessalonikiOctober 1015, 1989, Thessaloniki: 237–244.

Bruno Sunseri, G. (2003), L’avventura’ siciliana di Pirro, in: Atti delle Quarte giornate Internazionali di Studi sullarea Elima (Erice, 14 dicembre 2000), Pisa: 91–104.

Burton, P. J. (2017), Rome and the Third Macedonian War, Cambridge.

Caccamo Caltabiano, M. (1996), The Identity of the Two Horsemen on Philip’s Coinage, in: Ancient Macedonia 6, vol. 1, Thessaloniki: 197–207.

Caccamo Caltabiano, M., Radici Colace, P. (1989), Darico persiano e nomisma greco: differenze strutturali, ideologiche e funzionali alla luce del lessico greco, REA 91: 213-226.

Carcopino, J. (1961), Pyrrhus, adventourier ou conquerant, in: J. Carcopino, Profils des conquèrants, Paris: 11–108.

Carroccio, B. (2004), Dal basileus Agatocle a Roma. Le monetazioni siciliane d’età ellenistica (cronología – iconografia – metrologia), Messina.

Carroccio, B. (2011), L’ “impatto monetario” di Epiro, Corcira, il Molosso e Pirro in Occidente, tra fatti acclarati e questioni aperte, in: G. De Sensi Sestito, M. Internieri (a cura di), Sulla rotta per la Sicilia: lEpiro, Corcira e lOccidente, Pisa: 411–446.

Castrizio, D., Santagati, E. S. (2013), Le monete di Pirro per la guerra in Italia, in: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference: Numismatic History and Economy in Epirus during Antiquity (University of Ioannina, October 3rd7th 2007), Athens: 527–545.

Chatzinikolaou, K. G. (2011), Οι λατρείες των θεών και των ηρώων στην Άνω Μακεδονία κατά την αρχαιότητα (Ελίμεια, Εορδαία, Ορεστίδα, Λυγκηστίδα), Thessaloniki.

Christesen, P., Murray, S. (2010), Macedonian Religion, in: I. Roisman, J. Worthington (eds.), A Companion to Ancient Macedonia, Chichester, West Essex, UK: 428–445.

Cook, A. B. (1940), Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, vol. 3, part 1: Zeus God of the Dark Sky (Earthquakes, Clouds, Wind, Dew, Rain, Meteorites), Cambridge.

D’Agostini, M. (2011), Filippo V e la Storia Romana di Appiano, Aevum 85: 99–121.

D’Agostini, M. (2019), The Rise of Philip V: Kingship and Rule in the Hellenistic World, Alessandria.

De Luca, F. (2019), Numeri e non nomi sui tetroboli di Filippo V e di Perseo, Quaderno di Studi. Associazione Culturale Italia Numismatica 14: 7–48.

De Sensi Sestito, G. (2011), Magna Grecia, Epiro e Sicilia fra IV e III sec. a.C. Spinte egemoniche a confronto, in: G. De Sensi Sestito, M. Internieri (a cura di), Sulla rotta per la Sicilia: lEpiro, Corcira e lOccidente, Pisa: 353–380.

De Sensi Sestito, G. (2015), Magna Grecia e Sicilia da Agatocle a Pirro, in: La Magna Grecia da Pirro ad Annibale. Atti del cinquantaduesimo Convegno di Studi sulla Magna Grecia (Taranto 2730 settembre 2012), Taranto: 39–73.

De Sensi Sestito, G., Internieri, M. (a cura di) (2011), Sulla rotta per la Sicilia: lEpiro, Corcira e lOccidente, Pisa.

Despini, A. (1996), Ancient Gold Jewellery, Athens.

Dieterle, M. (2007), Dodona. Religionsgeschichtliche und historische Untersuchungen zur Entstehung und Entwicklung des Zeus-Heiligtums, Zürich.

Düll, S. (1977), Die Götterkulte Nordmakedoniens in römischer Zeit, München.

Edson, C. F. (1934), The Antigonids, Heracles, and Beroea, HSCPh 45: 213–246.

Eleftheratou, S., Soueref, K. I. (eds.) (2016), Dodona: The Oracle of Sounds, Athens.

Franke, P. R. (1957), Zur Finanzpolitik des makedonischen Königs Perseus während des Krieges mit Rom 171–168 v. Chr., JNG 8: 33–50.

Franke, P. R. (1984), Olympia und seine Münzen, Antike Welt 15: 14–26.

Franke, P. R. (1989), Pyrrhus, CAH 7.2: 456–485.

Garouphalias, P. (1979), Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, 2nd ed., London.

Grammenos, D. (ed.) (2007), Ο χρυσός των Μακεδόνων. Από την έκθεση του Αρχαιολογικού Μουσείου Θεσσαλονίκης, Thessaloniki.

Greenwalt, W. S. (1994), The Production of Coinage from Archelaus to Perdiccas III and the Evolution of Argead Macedonia, in: I. Worthington (ed.), Ventures into Greek History, Oxford: 105–134.

Greenwalt, W. S. (2003), Archelaus the Philhellene, AncW 34: 131–153.

Guimier-Sorbets, A. M., Hatzopoulos, M. B., Morizot, Y. (eds.) (2006), Rois, cités, nécropoles. Institutions, rites et monuments en MacédoineActes des colloques de Nanterre (décembre 2002) et dAthènes (janvier 2004), Athènes: 333–345.

Hammond, N. G. L., Griffith G. T., Walbank, F. W. (1988), A History of Macedonia, vol. III: 336–167 B.C., Oxford.

Hatzopoulos, M. B. (1994), Cultes et rites de passage en Macédoine, Athènes.

Hatzopoulos, M. B. (1996), Macedonian Institutions under the Kings, 2 vols., Athens.

Hatzopoulos, M. (2008), The Burial of the Dead (at Vergina) or the Unending Controversy on the Identity of the Occupants of Tomb II, Tekmeria 9: 91–118.

Hatzopoulos, M. B. (2011), Macedonian Studies, in: R. J. Lane Fox (ed.), Brills Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC  300 AD, Leiden–Boston: 35–42.

Hatzopoulos, M. B. (2014), Vies parallèles: Philippe V d’après Polybe et d’après ses propres écrits, JS: 99–120.

Hatzopoulos, M. B., Mari, M. (2004), Dion et Dodone, in: P. Cabanes, J.-L. Lamboley (éd.), L Illyrie méridionale et lÉpire dans lantiquité. Actes du IVe colloque international de Grenoble (10–12 octobre 2002), Grenoble: 505–513.

Ignatiadou, D., Tsigarida, E.-B. (2011), Gold Wreaths and Diadems, Thessaloniki.

Iliadou, P. (1998), Herakles in Makedonien, Hamburg.

Kienast, D. (1963), Pyrrhos, RE 24: 108–165.

Kraay, C. M., Mørkholm, O. (1989), Essays: Numismatic studies in memory of C. M. Kraay and O. Mørkholm, Louvain 1989.

Kremydi, S. (2000), Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Greece II: The Alpha Bank Collection. Macedonia I: Alexander I  Perseus, Athens.

Kremydi, S. (2011a), Coinage and Finance, in: R. J. Lane Fox (ed.), Brills Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC  300 AD, Leiden–Boston: 159–178.

Kremydi, S. (2011b), Macedonian Coinage before Alexander, in: A. Kottaridi (ed.), Heracles to Alexander the Great: Treasures from the Royal Capital of Macedon, a Hellenic Kingdom in the Age of Democracy, Oxford: 205–208.

Kremydi, S. (2018), Autonomous Coinages under the Late Antigonids, Athens.

Kremydi Sicilianou, S. (2007), ΜΑΚΕΔΩΝΟΝ ΠΡΟΤΕΣ ΜΕΡΙΔΟΣ: Evidence for a Coinage under the Antigonids, RN 163: 91–100.

Kyriakou, A. (2014), Exceptional Burials at the Sanctuary of Eukleia at Aegae (Vergina): The Gold Oak Wreath, BSA 109: 251–285.

Kyriakou, A., Tourtas, A. (2013), After Destruction: Taking Care of Remains in the Sanctuary of Eukleia at Aegae (Vergina), in: J. Driessen (ed.), Destruction: Archaeological, Philological and Historical Perspectives, Louvain-La-Neuve: 299–318.

La Bua, V. (1971), Prosseno e gli ὑπομνήματα Πύρρου, MGR 3: 1–62.

Landucci Gattinoni, F. (2003), Larte del potere. Vita e opere di Cassandro di Macedonia, Stuttgart.

Landucci Gattinoni, F. (2008), L’origine ellenica dei Temenidi e la letteratura ateniese, in: L. Castagna,  C. Riboldi (a cura di), «Amicitiae templa serena»Studi in onore di Giuseppe Aricò, vol. II, Milano: 845–873.

Lane Fox, R. J. (ed.) (2011), Brills Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC  300 AD, Leiden–Boston.

Le Bohec-Bouhet, S. (2002), The Kings of Macedon and the Cult of Zeus in the Hellenistic Period, in: D. Ogden (ed.), The Hellenistic World: New Perspectives, London: 41–58.

Lehmler, C. (2005), Syrakus unter Agathokles und Hieron II. Die Verbindung von Kultur und Match in einer hellenistischen Metropole, Frankfurt am Main.

Le Rider, G. (1977), Le Monnayage dargent et dor de Philippe II frappé en Macédoine de 359 à 294, Paris.

Le Rider, G. (2007), Alexander the Great: Coinage, Finances, and Policy, Philadelphia.

Lualdi, C. (2017), A Coined Victory of Pyrrhus: the Propagandistic Iconography on the Gold Staters of Pyrrhus in his Sicilian Coinage, an Interpretative Proposal, in: B. Zając et al. (eds.), Pecunia Omnes Vincit: The Coins as an Evidence of Propaganda, Reorganization and Forgery, Kraków: 18–32.

Lévêque, P. (1957), Pyrrhos, Paris.

Mamroth, A. (1928), Die Silbermünzen des Königs Perseus, ZfN 38: 1–28.

Mamroth, A. (1930), Die Silbermünzen des Königs Philippos V von Makedonien, ZfN 40: 57–63.

Mari, M., Thornton, J. (2016), Città greche tra conservazione e modelli rivoluzionari. Megalopoli, Larisa e i re macedoni nel III secolo a.C., Studi ellenistici 30: 139–195.

Mari, M. (1998), Le Olimpie macedoni di Dion tra Archelao e l’età romana, RFIC 126: 137–169.

Mari, M. (2002), Al di là dellOlimpo. Macedoni e grandi santuari della Grecia delletà arcaica al primo ellenismo, Atene–Paris.

Mari, M. (2008), The Ruler Cult in Macedonia, Studi ellenistici 20: 219–268.

Mari, M. (2011), Traditional Cults and Beliefs, in: R. J. Lane Fox (ed.), Brills Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC  300 AD, Leiden–Boston: 453–465.

Mari, M. (2017), Olympia, Daisia, Xandika. Note su tre feste ‘nazionali’ macedoni e sulla loro eredità in epoca ellenistica, in: P. Lombardi (ed.), Come aurora, lieve, preziosa. Ergastai e philoi a Gabriella BevilacquaGiornata di studio  Roma 6 giugno 2012, Roma: 143–153.

Mari, M. (2018), L’attività della cancelleria antigonide negli anni delle guerre romano-macedoniche, Historikà. Studi di storia greca e romana 8: 283–311.

Marino, R. (2001), Tradizione timaica sull’avventura siciliana di Pirro tra dimensione locale e prospettiva mediterranea, in: Atti del Congresso Storiografia locale e storiografia universale: forme di acquisizione del sapere storico nella cultura antica (Bologna, 1618 dicembre 1999), Como: 423–434.

Marino, R. (2004), Tradizione storiografica sulla spedizione di Pirro, in: M. Caccamo Caltabiano, L. Campagna, A. Pinzone (a cura di), Nuove prospettive della ricerca sulla Sicilia del III sec. a.C.: archeologia, numinimatica, storia: atti dellIncontro di studio (Messina, 45 luglio 2002), Messina: 91–97.

Matyszak, P. (2020), Greece against Rome: The Fall of the Hellenistic Kingdoms 25031 BC, South Yorkshire.

McGing, B. C. (2013), Youthfulness in Polybius: The Case of Philip V of Macedon, in: B. Gibson, Th. Harrison (eds.), Polybius and his World: Essays in Memory of F.W. Walbank, Oxford: 181–200.

Mørkholm, O. (1991), Early Hellenistic Coinage: From the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336188 B.C.), Cambridge.

Muccioli, F. (2013), Gli epiteti ufficiali dei re ellenistici, Stuttgart.

Muccioli, F. (2018), Le orecchie lunghe di Alessandro Magno. Satira del potere nel mondo greco (IVI secolo a.C.), Roma.

Nenci, G. (1953), Pirro. Aspirazioni egemoniche ed equilibrio mediterraneo, Torino.

Nedu, D. (2010), Agathocles and the Italic Powers at the Beginning of the 3rd Century B.C., Pontica 43: 37–49.

Nicgorski, A. M. (2005), The Magic Knot of Herakles, the Propaganda of Alexander the Great and Tomb II at Vergina, in: L. Rawlings, H. Bowden (eds.), Heracles and Hercules: Exploring a Graeco-Roman Divinity, Swansea: 97–128.

Palagia, O. (2016), Visualising the Gods in Macedonia: from Philip II to Perseus, Pharos 22: 73–98.

Perassi, C. (2018), Dalle immagini degli dei ai ritratti degli uomini. Una rivoluzione iconografica nella monetazione antica, in: A. Barzanò, C. Bearzot (a cura di), Rivoluzione, riforma, transizione: atti della Summer School 2017, Milano: 137–212.

Piccinini, J. (2016), Renaissance or Decline? The Shrine of Dodona in the Hellenistic and Early Roman Period, in: M. Melfi, O. Bobou (eds.), Hellenistic Sanctuaries: Between Greece and Rome, Oxford: 167–183.

Piccinini, J. (2017), The Shrine of Dodona in the Archaic and Classical AgesA History, Macerata. Prestianni Giallombardo, A. M., Tripodi, B. (1996), Iconografia monetale e ideologia reale macedone: i tipi del cavaliere nella monetazione di Alessandro I e di Filippo II, REA 98: 311–355.

Price, M. (1974), Coins of the Macedonians, London.

Price, M. J. (1991), The Coinage in the Name of Alexander the Great and Philip Arrhidaeus: A British Museum Catalogue, vol. 1–2, Zürich–London.

Raymond, D. (1953), Macedonian Regal Coinage to 413 B.C., New York.

Ritter, S. (2002), Bildkontakte. Götter und Heroen in der Bildsprache griechischer Münzen des 4 Jahrhunderts v. Chr., Berlin.

Rogić, D., Anđelković Grašar, J., Nikolić, E. (2012), Wreath – Its Use and Meaning in Ancient Visual Culture, Religion and Tolerance, The Journal of the Center for Empirical Researches on Religion 10: 341–358.

Roisman, I., Worthington, J. (eds.) (2010), A Companion to Ancient Macedonia, Chichester, West Essex, UK.

Russo, F. (2014), Il ricordo delle guerre persiane a Roma nello scontro con Filippo V e Antioco III, Latomus 73: 303–337.

Saatsoglou-Paliadeli, C. (2011), The Royal Presence in the Agora of Aegae, in: A. Kottaridi (ed.), Heracles to Alexander the Great: Treasures from the Royal Capital of Macedon, a Hellenic Kingdom in the Age of Democracy, Oxford: 193–204.

Santagati, F. (2016), Pirro e la Sicilia, Roma.

Santagati, F. (2020), Pirro: un velleitario epigono di Alessandro in Occidente, in: F. M. Ferrara, P. Vannicelli (a cura di), La Macedonia antica e la nascita dellEllenismo alle origini dellEuropa, Roma: 207–216.

Santagati, F. (2021), Un figlio, due madri: ancora sullo strano caso di Filippo V di Macedonia, Thiasos 10: 27–35.

Schultz, P. (2009), Divine Images and Royal Ideology in the Philippeion at Olympia, in: J. T. Jensen et al. (eds.), Aspects of Ancient Greek Cult: Context, Ritual and Iconography, Aarhus: 125–193.

Scuderi, R. (2005), Filippo V e Perseo nei frammenti diodorei, in: C. Bearzot, F. Landucci (a cura di), Diodoro e laltra Grecia: Macedonia, Occidente, Ellenismo nella Biblioteca storica: atti del convegno, Milano, 15-16, Milano: 383–406.

Themelis, P., Touratsoglou, G. (1997), Οι τάφοι του Δερβενίου, Athens.

Thompson, M. (1982), The Coinage of Philip II and Alexander III, in: B. Barr-Sharrar, E. Borza (eds.), Macedonia and Greece in the Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Times, Washington D.C.: 113–121.

Thonemann, P. (2015), The Hellenistic World: Using Coins as Sources, Cambridge.

Thornton, J. (2013a), Polibio e gli imperi (Filippo V, Cartagine e altri paradeigmata), DHA Supplément 9: 131–150.

Thornton, J. (2013b), Polybius in Context: The Political Dimension of the Histories, in: B. Gibson, Th. Harrison (eds.), Polybius and His World: Essays in Memory of F.W. Walbank, Oxford: 213–229.

Thornton, J. (2014), Polibio e l’imperialismo romano negli studi italiani di storiografia antica, Mediterraneo Antico 17: 157–182.

Thornton, J. (2020), Gli ultimi Antigonidi nella tradizione storiografica: cenni sull’ostilità di Polibio a Filippo V, in: F. M. Ferrara, P. Vannicelli (a cura di), La Macedonia antica e la nascita dellEllenismo alle origini dellEuropa, Roma: 299–310.

Tonkova, M. (2013), Gold Wreaths from Thrace, in: V. Sîrbu, R. Ștefănescu (eds.), The Thracians and their Neighbors in the Bronze and Iron Age: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Thracology (Targoviste 10th12th September 2013), vol. 2: Necropolises, Cult Places, Religion, Mythology, Brasov: 413–445.

Touratsoglou, I. (1987), The Coinage of Macedonia, in: A. M. Burnett, H. M. Crawford (eds.), The Roman World in the Late Republic: Proceedings of a Colloquium Held at the British Museum in September 1985, Oxford.

Tripodi, B. (1986), L’ambasceria di Alessandro I di Macedonia ad Atene nella tradizione erodotea (Hdt., 8, 136–144), ASNP 16: 621–635.

Tripodi, B. (1990), Aner Hellen, Makedonon Hyparchos (Hdt., 5, 20), Messana n.s. 1: 45–52.

Tripodi, B. (1997), Filippo V, Herakles e la caccia al toro, Eirene 33: 67–80 (= Tripodi, B. (1998): 127–140).

Tripodi, B. (1998), Cacce reali macedoni. Tra Alessandro I e Filippo V, Messina.

Tripodi, B. (2012), Ἀνὴρ Ἕλλην Μακεδόνων ὕπαρχος? Ancora su Hdt., 5, 20, 4, ASNP 4: 45–61.

Troxell, H. A. (1997), Studies in the Macedonian Coinage of Alexander the Great, New York.

Tsigarida, B. (1988), Metal Wreaths in the Greek World, DPhil thesis, University of Oxford.

Tsigarida, B. (2006), Couronnes, diadems, colliers et boucles d’oreille de Macédoine centrale à l’époque de Philippe II et d’Alexandre le Grand, in: G. Nicolini (ed.), Les Ors des Mondes grec et barbare: actes du Colloque de la Société darchéologie classique du 18 novembre 2000, Paris: 139–151.

Tsigarida, B. (2011), The Sanctuary of Zeus Ammon at Kallithea (Chalcidice), Kernos 24: 165–181.

Tsigarida, B., Ignatiadou, D. (2000), The Gold of Macedon, Exhibition guide, Athens.

Vattuone, R. (1982), In margine a un problema di storiografia ellenistica: Timeo e Pirro, Historia 31: 245–248.

Vattuone, R. (2005), Fra Timoleonte e Agatocle. Note di storia e storiografia ellenistica, in: C. Bearzot, F. Landucci Gattinoni (a cura di), Diodoro e laltra Grecia. Macedonia, Occidente, Ellenismo nella Biblioteca storica (Atti del Convegno, Milano 1516 gennaio 2003), Milano: 283–326.

Voutiras, E. (2006), Le culte de Zeus en Macédoine avant la conquête romaine, in: M. Guimiers-Sorbets et al. (éds.), Rois, Cités, Nécropoles. Institutions, rites et monuments en Macédoine. Actes de colloques de Nanterre (décembre 2002et dAthènes (janvier 2004), Athènes: 333–345.

Walbank, F. (1942), Alcaeus of Messene, Philip V and Rome, CQ 36: 134–145.

Wheatley, P. V. (1998), The Date of Polyperchon’s Invasion of Macedonia and Murder of Heracles, Antichthon 32: 12–23.

Wylie, G. (1999), Pyrrhus ΠΟΛΕΜΙΣΤΗΣ, Latomus 58: 298–313.

Information

Information: ELECTRUM, 2023, Volume 30, pp. 55 - 74

Article type: Original article

Titles:

Italian: I re macedoni e le due corone di Zeus
English:

The Macedonian Kings and the Two Wreaths of Zeus

Authors

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7709-5672

Elena Santagati
University of Messina, Italy
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7709-5672 Orcid
All publications →

University of Messina, Italy

Published at: 26.06.2023

Article status: Open

Licence: CC BY  licence icon

Percentage share of authors:

Elena Santagati (Author) - 100%

Article corrections:

-

Publication languages:

Italian

View count: 493

Number of downloads: 634

<p>The Macedonian Kings and the Two Wreaths of Zeus</p>

Suggested citations: Harvard

Santagati, E., 2023. The Macedonian Kings and the Two Wreaths of Zeus. ELECTRUM, Volume 30 (2023), pp. 55-74