Can similarities be found in the cults of prehistoric hunters and farmers? Analysis of ‘dance’ scenes of four beings of the Mesolithic from Alta, Finnmark, Norway, and of the beginning of the Eneolithic from Střelice, southwestern Moravia, Czech Republic

Jaromír  Kovárník

Can similarities be found in the cults of prehistoric hunters and farmers? Analysis of ‘dance’ scenes of four beings of the Mesolithic from Alta, Finnmark, Norway, and of the beginning of the Eneolithic from Střelice, southwestern Moravia, Czech Republic

Publication date: 2021

Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, 2021, Vol LVI, pp. 103 - 152

https://doi.org/10.4467/00015229AAC.21.005.15346

Authors

Pobierz pełny tekst

PDF

Titles

Can similarities be found in the cults of prehistoric hunters and farmers? Analysis of ‘dance’ scenes of four beings of the Mesolithic from Alta, Finnmark, Norway, and of the beginning of the Eneolithic from Střelice, southwestern Moravia, Czech Republic

Abstract

The ways of life of hunters, fishers and gatherers are noticeably different from those of farmers. Surviving evidence of their cultures is very rare. Although we are aware that it is very difficult to interpret and compare them, sometimes external similarities can be observed, such as in the depiction of human figures, particularly female figurines (also in zoomorphic sculptures) in the Upper Palaeolithic (‘the Cult of Hunters’) and in the Neolithic (‘Field Fertility Cult’ and ‘Domestic Animals Fertility Cult’). The depiction of a woman and three men with their arms stretched upwards on a famous vase of Moravian – East-Austrian group, Phase MOG IIa (around 4525–4375 BC) of the Painted Pottery culture from Střelice in the Czech Republic is significant, and has been interpreted by the author as an example of hieros gamos (i.e. a dialogue with space). This vase has considerable similarity with a petroglyph of a circular dance, again obviously depicting a woman and three men holding hands, from Alta in northern Norway, one of the central ‘galleries’ of hunters (5 stages, the oldest being 5300 BC). We can only assume (with just a certain amount of probability) that they depict a story (rite or myth?) in the form of a ‘language of symbols’ (e.g. a restoration of ‘Mother Earth’).

Keywords

hunter-gatherers, petroglyphs, Neolithic, Moravian–East-Austrian group, Painted Pottery culture, fertility cult

References

Download references

Anderson D.G. 2000. Identity and Ecology in Arctic Siberia. The Number One Reindeer Brigade, Oxford.

Anthes R. 1977. Mytologie ve starem Egyptě, [in:] Mytologie starověku, S. N. Kramer (ed.), Praha, p. 13–78.

Barna J.P. 2007. A new site of the Lengyel culture in Sormas –Torok-Foldek (county Zala, south-western Transdanubia). Preliminary report, [in:] The Lengyel, Polgar and related cultures in the Middle/Late Neolithic in Central Europe, J.K. Kozłowski, P. Raczky (eds.), Krakow, p. 365–380.

Baudou E. 1995. Norrlands Forntid –ett historisk perspektiv, Umea.

Becker H. 1996. Kultplatze, Sonnentempel und Kalenderbauten aus dem 5. Jahrtausend vor Chr. - Die mittelneolithischen Kreisanlagen in Niederbayern, [in:] Archaologische Prospektion. Luftbildarchaologie und Geophysik, Arbeitshefte des Bayerischen Landesamtes fur Denkmalpflege, Bd. 59, H. Becker (ed.), Munchen, p. 101–122.

Behrens H. 1973. Die Jungsteinzeit im Mittelelbe-Saale-Gebiet. Unter Mitarbeit von Dieter Kaufmann und Waldemar Matthias, Veroffentlichungen des Landesmuseums fur Vorgeschichte in Halle 27, Berlin.

Beneš J. 1987. O některych sociokulturnich, psychickych a fyzickych přizpůsobenich člověka během poslednich 10 tisic let, [in:] Těšetice-Kyjovice 3. Uněticke pohřebiště v Těšeticich-Vinohradech. Archeologicko-antropologicka studie, Opera Universitatis Purkynianae Brunensis, Facultas Philosophica, A. Lorencova, V. Podborsky (eds.), Brno, p. 245–273.

Bertemes F. 2008. Die Kreisgrabenanlage von Goseck: Ein Beispiel fur fruhe Himmelsbeobachtungen, [in:] Astronomische Orientierung und Kalender in der Vorgeschichte. Internationales Kolloquium vom 09. 11. –11. 11. 2006 im Museum fur Vor- und Fruhgeschichte, Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica 40, p. 7–44.

Berkes F. 1999. Sacred Ecology. Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Ressource Management, London.

Bibel 2020. The Holy Bibel containing the Old and New Testaments, New York.

Binford L.R. 2001. Constructing frames of reference: an analytical method for archaeological theory building using ethnographic and environmental data sets, Berkeley.

Bird-David N. 1990. The Giving Environment: Another Perspective on the Economic System of Gatherer-Hunters, Current Anthropology 31/3, p. 189–196.

Bouzek J. 1996. Sibyly, Religio. Revue pro religionistiku 4/2, Brno, p. 121–126.

Brož L., Willerslev R. 2012. When Good Luck is Bad Fortune: Between too Little and too Much Hunting Success in Siberia. Social Analysis, The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice 56/1–2, p. 73–89.

Burdo N. / ƂурдоН. 2008. Sakralnyi svit trypil's'koi cyvilizacii. Kyiv / Сакральнийсвіт трипільськоїцивілізації, Київ.

Coles J. 1994. Rock Carvings of Uppland. A Guide, Uppsala.

Coles J. 2000. Patterns in a Rocky Land: Rock Carvings in South–West Uppland, Sweden, vol. 1–2, Uppsala.

Czekaj-Zastawny A, Grabowska B., Zastawny A. 2007. Pottery of the Malice culture from sites Brzezie 17 and Targowisko 11, western Lesser Poland, [in:] The Lengyel, Polgar and related cultures in the Middle/Late Neolithic in Central Europe, J.K. Kozłowski, P. Raczky (eds.), Krakow, p. 487–500.

Czerniak L., Golański A., Kadrow S. 2007. New facts on the Malice culture gained from the rescue excavations at the A4 Motorway section east of Krakow, [in:] The Lengyel, Polgar and related cultures in the Middle/Late Neolithic in Central Europe, J.K. Kozłowski, P. Raczky (eds.), Krakow, p. 471–486.

Čižmař M. 1993. Keltska okupace Moravy, [in:] Pravěke dějiny Moravy, Vlastivěda moravska. Země a lid. NŘ 3, V. Podborsky, M. Čižmař, P. Dvořak, A. Erhart, V. Janak, A. Medunova-Benešova, J. Nekvasil, J. Ondraček, J. Pavelčik, M. Salaš, S. Stuchlik, J. Stuchlikova, L. Šebela, M. Šmid, A. Štrof, J. Tejral, K. Valoch (eds.), Brno, p. 380–423.

Eliade M. 1995. Dějiny naboženskeho myšleni I. Od doby kamenne po eleusinska mysteria, Praha.

Filip J. 1956. Keltove ve středni Evropě, Praha.

Franz L. 1937. Die Muttergottin im Vorderen Orient und in Europa, Der Alte Orient 35/3.

Fuglestvedt I., Goldhahn J. 2012. Engendering North European Rock Art: Bodies and Cosmologies in Stone and Bronze Imaginery, [in:] A Companion to Rock Art, J. McDonald, P. Veth (eds.), Oxford, p. 237–260.

Garfinkel, Y. 2010. Dance in prehistoric Europe, Documenta Praehistorica 37, p. 205–214.

Gervautz M., Neubauer W. 2005. Sonne, Mond und Sterne, [in:] “Zeitreise Heldenberg. Geheimnisvolle Kreisgraben”. Niederosterreichische Landesausstellung 2005. Heldenberg in Kleinwetzdorf, F. Daim, W. Neubauer (eds.), Wien, p. 73–74.

Gjerde J.M. 2010. Rock art and Landscapes. Studies of Stone Age rock art from Northern Fennoscandia, Tromso.

Gjerde J.M. 2019a. Alta overview rock art, [in:] Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, C. Smith (ed.), New York, p. 1–10.

Gjerde J.M. 2019b. ‘The world as we know it’ –revisiting the rock art at Bergbugten 4B in Alta, northern Norway, Time and Mind 12, No. 3, p. 197–206.

Gronenborn D. 2005. Bauern –Priester –Hauptlinge. Die Anfange der Landwirtschaft und die fruhe Gesellschaftsentwicklung zwischen Orient und Europa, [in:] “Zeitreise Heldenberg. Geheimnisvolle Kreisgraben”. Niederosterreichische Landesausstellung 2005. Heldenberg in Kleinwetzdorf, F. Daim, W. Neubauer (ed.), Wien, p. 115–123.

Hansen S. 2007. Bilder von Menschen der Steinzeit. Untersuchungen zur anthropomorphen Plastik der Jungsteinzeit und Kupferzeit in Sudosteuropa. Teil I, II, Archaologie in Eurasien 20, Mainz.

Helskog K. 2011. Reindeer corrals 4700–4200 BC: Myth or reality?, Quaternary International 238/1–2, p. 25–34.

Hodge F.S, Pasqua A., Marquez C.A., Geishirt-Cantrell B. 2002. Utilizing Traditional Storytelling to Promote Wellness in American Indian Communities, Journal of Transcultural Nursing 13/1, p. 6–11.

Hornung E. 1999. The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Afterlife, Ithaca.

Hornung E. 2002. Tajemny Egypt: kořeny hermeticke moudrosti, Praha.

Hruška B. 1987. Pod babylonskou věži, Praha.

Hultkrantz A. 1961. The Owner of the Animals in the Religion of the North American Indians, [in:] “The Supernatural Owners of Nature”, Studies in Comparative Religion, p. 53–64.

Ingold T. 1987. The Appropriation of Nature. Essays on Human Ecology and Social Relations, Iowa City.

Ingold T. 2002. The Perception of the Environment. Essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill. London.

Jelinek J. 2006. Střecha nad hlavou. Kořeny nejstarši architektury a bydleni, Brno.

Kalicz N. 1970. Gotter aus Ton. Das Neolithikum und die Kupferzeit in Ungarn, Budapest.

Kalicz N., Makkay J. 1977. Die Linienbandkeramik in der Grosen Ungarischen Tiefebene, Publicationes Instituti Archaeologici Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Studia Archaeologica 7, Budapest.

Karlovsky V., Kuzma I., Tirpak J. 2007. Rondely v Prašniku a Bajtave – astronomicka orientacia, Ve službach archeologie 2007/1, p. 41–48.

Kastowski K., Locker K., Neubauer W., Zotti G. 2005. Drehscheibe des Sternehimmels? Die Kreisgrabenanlage Immendorf, [in:] “Zeitreise Heldenberg. Geheimnisvolle Kreisgraben”. Niederosterreichische Landesausstellung 2005. Heldenberg in Kleinwetzdorf, F. Daim, W. Neubauer (eds.), Wien, p. 80–82.

Kaufmann D. 1976 . Wirtschaft und Kultur der Stichbandkeramiker im Saalegebiet, Veroffentlichungen des Landesmuseums fur Vorgeschichte in Halle, 30, Berlin.

Kazdova E. 1984. Těšetice-Kyjovice 1. Starši stupeň kultury s moravskou malovanou keramikou, Opera Universitatis Purkynianae Brunensis, Facultas Philosophica, 260, Brno.

Knutsson H., Knutsson K. 2012. The postglacial colonization of humans, fauna and plants in northern Sweden, Arkeologi i Norr 13, p. 1–28.

Koštuřik P. 1975-1976. Stav vyzkumu kultury s moravskou malovanou keramikou na hradisku u Kramolina (okr. Třebič), Sbornik praci Filosoficke fakulty brněnske University E 20-21, p. 101–113.

Koštuřik P. 1986. Mladši doba kamenna (neolit), [in:] Pravěk Třebičska. Prameny k dějinam a kultuře Moravy č. 2, P. Koštuřik, J. Kovarnik, Z. Měřinsky, M. Oliva (eds.), Brno, p. 57–79.

Koutecky D. 1978. Bylanska kultura, [in:] Pravěke dějiny Čech, R. Pleiner, A. Rybova (eds.), Praha, p. 466–476.

Koutecky D. 2007. Bylanska kultura, [in:] Archeologie pravěkych Čech/6. Doba halštatska, N. Venclova (ed.), Praha, p. 45–66.

Kovarnik J. 1997. K vyznamu pravěkych kruhovych přikopů. Uvahy k hospodařstvi, naboženstvi a organizovanosti starych zemědělskych civilizaci. The importance of primeval circular ditches. Considerations on farming, religion and organization of ancient agricultural civilizations, Brno.

Kovarnik J. 2000. K vyznamu antropomorfnich a gynekomorfnich nadob, [in:] In memoriam Jan Rulf, Pamatky archeologicke –Supplemetum 13, I. Pavlů (ed.), p. 182–195.

Kovarnik J. 2003. Jungneolithische und bronzezeitliche Kreisgrabenanlagen in Mahren, [in:] Erkenntnisjager. Kultur und Umwelt des fruhen Menschen. Festschrift zum 65.

Geburtstag Dietrich Mania, Veroffentlichungen des Landesamtes fur Archaologie Sachsen-Anhalt. Band 57 / 2003, J. Burdukiewicz, L. Fiedler, W.-D. Heinrich, A. Justus, E. Bruhl (eds.), Halle/Saale, p. 325–336.

Kovarnik J. 2004. Odraz duchovniho světa v materialni kultuře MMK. Dalši zvlaštni keramicke typy, [in:] Otazky neolitu a eneolitu 2003. Sbornik referatů z 22. Pracovniho setkani badatelů zaměřenych na vyzkum neolitu a eneolitu, Česky Brod-Kounice 23. až 26. zaři 2003, M. Lutovsky (ed.), Praha, p. 171–205.

Kovarnik J. 2016. Das dreifache Rondell der Stichbandkeramischen Kultur (SBK) in Plotiště nad Labem II bei Hradec Kralove und analoge Funde, [in:] Centenary of Jaroslav Palliardi´s Neolithic and Aeneolithic Relative Chronology (1914-2014), J. Kovarnik et al. (eds.), Hradec Kralove –Usti nad Orlici, p. 337–376.

Kovarnik J. 2019. A probe into the spiritual life of prehistoric people, a reflection of shamanism in archaeology, [in:] Shamanism and Nature Worship Past and Present / Samanizmus es termeszethit regen es ma, Bajai dolgozatok 23, Baja –Budapest, p. 58–99.

Kruta V., Lička M (ed.) 2000. Prime Terrecotte dal cuore dell´Europa. Ceramiche dei cacciatori e dei primi agricoltori di Boemia e Moravia 27 000 –4 000 a. C., Catalogo pubblicato in occasione della Mostra, Sceaux.

Kšica M. 1984b. Vypravy za pravekym umenim, Bratislava.

Kšica M., Kšicova O., Maršal P., Podborsky V. 2006. Žena v pravěkem uměni. Wuman in prehistoric art, Brno.

Kubica V. 1983. Hlas bubnu a rytmus těla. Tanec, [in:] Safari za africkou kulturou, V. Klima, V. Kubica, A. Wokoun (eds.), Praha, p. 214–222.

Kuzma I. 2002. Rondel v Prašniku, Archeologicke vyskumy a nalezy na Slovensku (AVANS) 2001, p. 95–96.

Kvasil B., Štěpanek, M et al. 1984. Mala československa encyklopedie 1 (A–Č), Praha.

Kvasil B., Štěpanek, M et al. 1985. Mala československa encyklopedie 2 (D–CH), Praha.

Květina P., Květinova S., Řidky J. 2009. Vyznam her v archaickych společnostech –archeologicke možnosti studia. The importace of games in archaic societies –archaeological study options, Archeologicke rozhledy 61, p. 3–30.

Lazarovici Gh. 1990–1991. Venus de Zauan. Despre credintele si practicile magico-religioase, Acta Mvsei Porolissensis 14–15, Zalau, p. 11–36.

Lenneis E. 1977. Siedlungsfunde aus Poigen und Frauenhofen bei Horn, Horn –Wien.

Levi-Strauss C. 1996. Myšleni přirodnich narodu, Liberec.

Lička M. 2001. I simboli nella ceramica puntinata e lineare, La decorazione della ceramica dipinta morava, [in:] Prime Terrecotte dal cuore dell´Europa. Ceramiche dei cacciatori e dei primi agricoltori di Boemia e Moravia 27 000 –4 000 a. C., Catalogo pubblicato in occasione della Mostra, M. Lička, V. Kruta (ed.), Milano, p. 67–90, 103–112.

Mandt G. 2001. Woman in Disguise or Male Manipulation? Aspects of Gender Symbolism in Rock Art, [in:] Theoretical Perspectives in Rock Art Research. Acra: The Alta Conference on Rock Art, K. Helskog (ed.), Oslo, p. 290–311.

Mantu C.M. 1993. Anthropomorphic Representations from Precucuteni and Cucuteni Cultures, Anatolia 19, p. 129–141.

Matouš L. (ed.) 1978. Myty stare Mezopotamie. Sumerska, akkadska a chetitska literatura na klinopisnych tabulkach (Přeložili Blahoslav Hruška, Lubor Matouš, Jiři Prosecky a Jana Součkova) Praha.

Matuszkova J. 2000. Tanečni folklor, [in:] Lidova kultura na Moravě, Vlastivěda moravska. Země a lid. NŘ 10, J. Jančař et al., Brno, p. 304–333.

Maxim-Alaiba R. 1987. Le complexe de culte de la phase Cucuteni A3 de Dumeşti (dep. De Vaslui), [in:] La civilisation de Cucucteni en contexte Europeen, Session scientifique Iasi-Piatra Neamt 1984, M. Petrescu-Dimboviţa (ed.), Iasi, p. 269–286.

Ministr Z. 1999. Ministr, Z. III.1 Astronomicka orientace a kalendařni funkce pravěkych staveb, [in:] Pravěka sociokultovni architektura na Moravě. Primeval socio-ritual architecture in Moravia, V. Podborsky (ed.), Brno, p. 237–255.

Muller-Karpe H. 1980. Das vorgeschichtliche Europa. Kunst der Welt, ihre geschichtlichen, soziologischen und religiosen Grundlagen, Baden-Baden.

Nekvasil J. 1993. Horakovska kultura, [in:] Pravěke dějiny Moravy, Vlastivěda moravska. Země a lid. NŘ 3, , V. Podborsky, M. Čižmař, P. Dvořak, A. Erhart, V. Janak, A. Medunova-Benešova, J. Nekvasil, J. Ondraček, J. Pavelčik, M. Salaš, S. Stuchlik, J. Stuchlikova, L. Šebela, M. Šmid, A. Štrof, J. Tejral, K. Valoch (eds.), Brno, p. 337–351.

Nelson R. K. 1986. Make Prayers to the Raven. A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago.

Němejcova-Pavukova V. 1995. Svodin. Zwei Kreisgrabenanlagen der Lengyel-Kultur, Studia Archaeologica et Mediaevalia 2, Bratislava.

Němejcova-Pavukova V. 1997. Kreisgrabenanlage der Lengyel-Kultur in Ružindol-Borova, Studia Archaeologica et Mediaevalia, Tomus III, Bratislava.

Neubauer W., Trnka G. 2005. Ratselhafte Monumente der Steinzeit, [in:] “Zeitreise Heldenberg. Geheimnisvolle Kreisgraben”. Niederosterreichische Landesausstellung 2005. Heldenberg in Kleinwetzdorf, F. Daim, W. Neubauer (eds.), Wien, p. 3–9.

Neugebauer-Maresch Ch. 2005. Kult und Religion –Geisteswelt der Menschen der Bemaltkeramik, [in:] Zeitreise Heldenberg. Geheimnisvolle Kreisgraben. Niederosterreichische Landesausstellung 2005. Heldenberg in Kleinwetzdorf, F. Daim, W. Neubauer (eds.), Wien, p. 187–193.

Neubauer W., Doneus M., Trnka G. 2010. Einleitung, Die Kreisgrabenanlagen des Mittelneolithikums, [in:] Mittelneolithische Kreisgrabenanlagen in Niederosterreich. Geophysikalisch-archaologische Prospektion –ein interdisziplinares Forschungs projekt, Mitteilungen der Prahistorischen Kommission 71, P. Melichar, W. Neubauer (eds.), Wien, p. 17–19.

Neumair E. 1997. Drei Munchshofener auf einem Becher, Archaologie in Deutschland 1, p. 43–44.

Neumair E. 2000. Neue Aspekte zum Siedlungwesen der Munchshofener Kultur anhand von Untersuchungen in Murr, Lkr. Freising, [in:] Varia neolithica I, Beitrage zur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Mitteleuropas 22, Weissbach, H-J. Beier unter Mitarbeit von Ralph Einicke, p. 99–114.

Niederle L. 1925. XIII. Piseň a hudba. Pismo a počitani, Život starych Slovanů. Zaklady kulturnich starožitnosti slovanskych 3:2, Praha, p. 703–752.

Novotna M., Novotny Ľ. 2016. Anthropomorphe Applikationen auf der neolithischen Keramik aus der Slowakei, [in:] Centenary of Jaroslav Palliardi´s Neolithic and Aeneolithic Relative Chronology (1914-2014), J. Kovarnik et al., Hradec Kralove –Usti nad Orlici, p. 391–407.

Pavlů I. 1978. Neolit a počatky vyrobniho hospodařstvi. Společnost a jeji nadstavba ve střednim neolitu, [in:] Pravěke dějiny Čech, R. Pleiner, A. Rybova (eds.), Praha, p. 197–204.

Pavlů I. 1981. Umenie a život doby kamennej, Davnoveke umenie Slovenska (Ars slovaca antiqua) 13, Bratislava.

Pavlů I. 1982. Die neolithischen Kreisgrabenanlagen in Bohmen, Archeologicke rozhledy 34, p. 176–189.

Pavlů I., Metlička M. 2013. Neoliticky sidelni areal ve Vochově, Archeologicke studijni materialy 21 (2012), Praha

Pavuk J., Karlovsky V. 2004. Orientacia rondelov lengyelskej kultury na smery vysokeho a nizkeho Mesiaca, Slovenska archeologia 52: 2, p. 211–280.

Peša J. 1998. Ritualni nadoba z Polomenych hor, Vesmir 77, p. 638.

Petrasch J. 1990. Mittelneolithische Kreisgrabenanlagen in Mitteleuropa, Berichte der Romisch-Germanischen Kommission 71, p. 409–564.

Pleiner R. 1978a. Keltove v Čechch. Obchod a zavedeni ražene mince, [in:] Pravěke dějiny Čech, R. Pleiner, A. Rybova (eds.), Praha, p. 653–659.

Pleiner R. 1978a. Keltove v Čechch. Poznamky k předkletskemu a keltskemu vytvarnemu projevu, [in:] Pravěke dějiny Čech, R. Pleiner, A. Rybova (eds.), Praha, p. 670–673.

Podlaha A. 1930. Česky slovnik bohovědny, IV, Praha.

Podborsky V. 1988. Těšetice-Kyjovice 4. Rondel osady lidu s moravskou malovanou keramikou, Opera Universitatis Purkynianae Brunensis, Facultas Philosophica 277, Brno.

Podborsky V. 1993. Kultura s linearni keramikou, [in:] Pravěke dějiny Moravy. Vlastivěda moravska, Země a lid, nova řada, svazek 3, V. Podborsky, M. Čižmař, A. Erhart, V. Janak, A. Medunova-Benešova, J. Nekvasil, J. Ondraček, J. Pavelčik, M. Salaš, S. Stuchlik, J. Stuchlikova, L. Šebela, M. Šmid, A. Štrof, J. Tejral, K. Valoch, P. Dvořak, (eds.), Brno, p. 76–100.

Podborsky V. 1999a. Shrnuti problematiky, [in:] Pravěka sociokultovni architektura na Moravě. Primeval socio-ritual architecture in Moravia, V. Podborsky (ed.), Brno, p. 7–21.

Podborsky V. 1999b. Pravěka sociokultovni architektura v dějinach lidstva, [in:] Pravěka sociokultovni architektura na Moravě. Primeval socio-ritual architecture in Moravia, V. Podborsky (ed.), Brno, p. 261–291.

Podborsky V. 2006. Naboženstvi pravěkych Evropanů, Brno.

Podborsky V., Kovarnik J. 2005. K socialni struktuře neolitickych sidlišť. Consideration of Prehistoric Social Structures, [in:] Pravěk mikroregionu potoka Těšetičky/Unanovky. K problematice pravěkych socialnich struktur. The Prehistory of Těšetička/Unanovka Microregion. Problem of Prehistoric Social Structures, V. Podborsky, E. Kazdova, J. Kovarnik, K. Šabatova, M. Golec, R. Přichystalova, M. Polak, A. Bartoňova (eds.), Brno, p. 131–160, p. 248–253.

Podborsky V., Kovarnik J. 2006. Neolithic and post-Neolithic enclosures in Moravia in their central European context, [in:] Enclosing the Past. Inside and Outside in Prehistory, Sheffield Archaeological Monographs 15, A. Harding, S. Sievers, N. Venclova (eds.), Sheffield, p. 44–68.

Puhvel J. 1997. Srovnavaci mytologie, Praha. Renfrew C. 1986. Varna and the emergence of wealth in prehistoric Europe, [in:] The Social Life of Things, A. Appadurai (ed.), Cambridge, p. 141–168.

Renfrew C. 1998. Mind and Matter: Cognitive Archaeology and External Symbolic Storage, [in:] Cognition and Material Culture. The Archaeology of Symbolic Storage , C. Renfrew, C. Scarre (eds.), Cambridge, p. 1–6. Renfrew C. 2003. Figuring It Out, London.

Ruttkay E. 1983–1984. Zusammenfasender Forschungsstand der Lengyel-Kultur in Niederosterreich, Symposium Mittelneolithische Grabenanlagen (Kult-/Befestigungsanlagen) in Zentraleuropa. Poysdorf –Laa/Thaya (Niederosterreich) 9. und 10. April 1983, Mitteilungen der Osterreichischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte 33–34, A. Eibner, M. Kaus, O. Urban (ed.), p. 221–246.

Ruttkay E. 1998. Ein Lengyel-Loffel mit Ideogramm aus Wetzleinsdorf, Niederosterreich, Sbornik Vladimira Podborskeho, Sbornik praci Filozoficke fakulty brněnske Univerzity M 2 (1997), Brno, p. 49–64.

Ruttkay E. 1999. Ein Heilzeichen aus dem 5. Jahrtausend v. Chr. in der Lengyel-Kultur, Das Altertum B, vol. 45: 4, p. 271–291.

Řiman A., Štěpanek M. (eds.) 1987a. Mala československa encyklopedie 5 Pom/S, Praha.

Řiman A., Štěpanek M. (eds.) 1987b. Mala československa encyklopedie 6 (Š–Ž), Praha.

Šiška S. 1989. Kultura s vychodnou linearnou keramikou na Slovensku, Bratislava.

Šošić-Klindžić R., Hršak, T. 2014. Starčevačka kultura. The Starčevo culture, in: Darovi zemlje, neolit između Save, Drave i Dunava. Gifts of the Earth. The Neolithic between the Sava, Drava and Danube, J. Balen, R. Šošić-Klindžić, T. Hršak (eds.), Zagreb, p. 14–28.

Soudsky B. 1950. Nejstarši zemědělske civilisace v Předni Asii. Les premieres civilisations agricoles de l' Asie Anterieure, Obzor praehistoricky 14, p. 5–162.

Stadler P., Ruttkay E. 2007. Absolute Chronology of the Moravian –Eastern-Austrian group (MOG) of the Painted Pottery (Lengyel–culture) based on new radiocarbon dates from Austria, [in:] The Lengyel, Polgar and related cultures in the Middle/Late Neolithic in Central Europe, J.K. Kozłowski, P. Raczky (eds.), Krakow, p. 117–146.

Stammler F. 2005. Reindeer Nomads Meet the Market. Culture, Property and Globalisation at the ‘End of the Land’, Munster.

Stauble H. 2007. Mittelneolithische Kreisgrabenanlagen im Wandel der Zeit. Die Sachsischen Beispiele, [in:] Vortrage des 25. Niederbayerischen Archaologentages, Gesellschaft fur Archaologie in Bayern e. V. Ernst-Pietsch-Stiftung Deggendorf, Deggendorf 21. –23. 4.

2006, K. Schmotz (ed.), Rahden/Westf., p. 169–184.

Swahn J.O. 1997. ‘Maypoles, Crazfish and Lucia –Swedish Holidays and Traditions’, Stockholm.

Tansem K, Johansen H. 2008. The World Heritage Rock Art in Alta, Adoranten, p. 65–84.

Točik A. 1970. Neoliticke kultury na vychodnom Slovensku. Bukovohorska kultura, [in:] Slovensko v mladšej dobe kamennej. Die Slowakei in der jungeren Steinzeit, A. Točik (ed.), Bratislava, p. 85–104.

Tomašovičova T. 2018. Niekoľko poznamok k interpretacii ľudskych zobrazeni a vyznamu nadob s antropomorfnym aplikovanym motivom v obdobi stredneho neolitu, Musaica Archaeologica 2, p. 73–107.

Verner M., Bareš L., Vachala B. 2007. Encyklopedie starověkeho Egypta, Praha.

Vildomec F. 1940. Ein jungsteinzeitliches Gefass mit eigestochenen Menschengestalten und Tierplastiken von Strzelitz (Sudmahren), Wiener prahistorische Zeitschrift 27, p. 1–6.

Willerslev R. 2007. Soul Hunters: Hunting, Animism and Personhood among the Siberian Yukaghirs, Berkeley.

Woodburn J. 1982. Egalitarian societies, Man (N. S.) 17, p. 431–451.

Wolf J. 1970. Posledni svědkove pravěku, Praha.

Zotti M. 2005. Kalenderbauten? –Zur astronomischen Ausrichtung der Kreisgrabenanlagen in Niederosterreich, [in:] “Zeitreise Heldenberg. Geheimnisvolle Kreisgraben”.

Niederosterreichische Landesausstellung 2005. Heldenberg in Kleinwetzdorf, F. Daim, W. Neubauer (eds.), Wien, p. 75–79.

Zotti G., Neubauer W. 2010. Simulation astronomischer Aspekte der Kreisgrabenanlagen, [in:] Mittelneolithische Kreisgrabenanlagen in Niederosterreich. Geophysikalisch-archaologische Prospektion –ein interdisziplinares Forschungsprojekt, Mitteilungen der Prahistorischen Kommission 71, P. Melichar, W. Neubauer (ed.), p. 133–167.

Zvelebil M. 2008. Innovating Hunter-Gatherers: The Mesolithic in the Baltic, [in:] Mesolithic Europe, G. Bailey, P. Spikins (eds.), Cambridge.

Internet informations

https://www.altamuseum.no/en/the-rock-art-of-alta/rock-art-figures/drum

https://www.altamuseum.no/en/the-rock-art-of-alta/rock-art-figures/vulva

www.Google.Earth

http://met.no/English/Climate_in_Norway/

www.Museum.Alta.Norway

www.nordnorge.com/de/?News=60

https://translate.google.cz/translate?hl=cs&sl=en&u=http://self.gutenberg.org/article/whebn0000057612/geography%2520of%

2520norway&prev=search

Information

Information: Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, 2021, Vol LVI, pp. 103 - 152

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/00015229AAC.21.005.15346

Article type: Original article

Authors

Jaromír Kovárník

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4045-0850

Department of Archaeology, Philosophical Faculty, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic

Published at: 2021

Article status: Open

Licence: CC BY-NC-ND

Percentage share of authors:

Jaromír Kovárník (Author) - 100%

Article corrections:

Publication languages:

English

View count: 447

Number of downloads: 1271

Download xml