Patryk Ochyra

Contemporary challenges of Polish’s external security are a comprehensive area that requires an effective security policy. Tensions on the eastern borders, increased Russian activity, cyber threats, instability in the Middle East and asymmetric threats are the main challenges. Poland must continue to develop its defence capabilities, cooperate with its allies and invest in modern technologies. Diplomacy based on international cooperation and the development of civil society are also crucial. Through these actions, Poland can effectively face contemporary threats and ensure the security of its citizens. The aim of the article is to identify contemporary challenges and threats to the external security of Polish. The main research problem was formulated: How do contemporary threats affect the external security of Polish? In order to answer the problematic question, the authors used a critical analysis of the literature, legal acts and documents. as well as reliable online sources.

Based on this chosen topic, the author chose artificial intelligence as the subject of research. The main goal of the article was defined as: outlining the most likely scenarios of threats and opportunities arising from the existence of artificial intelligence. It determines the need to propose the main research problem in the form of the following problem question: What variants should be expected in order to effectively counteract threats and take advantage of the opportunities arising from the existence of AI in the aspect of increasing global population security? Based on the previously formulated main problem, the author constructed a working hypothesis. He presumes that: the main inhibitor in a positive attitude towards AI is the fear of its independence as a transcendent entity that escapes human perception. In his scientific article, he used theoretical methods such as: analysis, synthesis, interpretation, deduction, inference, confrontation and abstraction.

NATO and Russia have been in a strategic relationship for a long time, which is fraught with tensions and conflicts. Russia’s contemporary military policy, especially after the annexation of Crimea in 2014, raises concerns and requires systematic analysis in the context of NATO’s response. The aim of the article is to present the identification of NATO’s actions towards Russia’s military policy and a comparative analysis of military power. The first part of the publication presents the importance of military power in current conflicts. Next, the Alliance’s attitude towards military operations in Ukraine was described. The final section compares the military strength of both sides in order to understand the dynamics of their relationship and the possible implications for global security. The analysis is based on a set of data on the military potential of NATO and Russia, taking into account aspects such as the number of soldiers, military equipment, defense budgets and other factors determining military strength. The research problem was formulated: Does NATO’s military strength and the attitude towards Russia’s military policy affect global security? According to the research problem, the main research hypothesis was formulated: The military power of Russia and NATO reflects complex international relations and the dynamics of contemporary world politics. Growing tensions and geopolitical uncertainty mean that monitoring and analyzing the military strength of Russia and NATO remains a key element of security policy at the global level. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used to solve the research problem and verify the research hypothesis. A critical analysis of the literature and reliable internet sources containing current information in the researched area was carried out, and a quantitative analysis was made based on open sources and qualitative analysis. The synthesis and research methods used allowed for evaluation and drawing conclusions.

The aim of this article is to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the aviation industry, with particular emphasis on passenger transport, the condition of airlines and the functioning of airport infrastructure. The analysis aims to understand the long-term effects of the pandemic and identify future challenges and directions of development of the industry. In the first part, the authors describe the individual stages of the pandemic. They describe the impact on the aviation industry and infrastructure, including the direct effects of the pandemic on passenger transport. In the final section, they present the development of new survival strategies for airlines. The research problem was formulated: How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect various aspects of the aviation industry and what structural and operational changes were necessary to survive the crisis? It is also crucial to determine what long-term consequences the changes made in response to the pandemic will have. In accordance with the given donor problem, a research hypothesis was formulated, which assumes that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant, negative impact on the aviation industry, leading to a drastic drop in the number of passengers, financial problems of airlines and the need to introduce new procedures and technologies in the airport infrastructure. The long-term effects of the pandemic will require further analysis to fully understand changes in consumer behavior and structural changes in the industry. The study used the latest research presented in documents and reports in the field of civil aviation, published in 2020–2022 by international organizations, and an analysis was carried out based on scientific articles from recent years. Information was also obtained from national legal acts and documents published by European Union bodies.

The aim of the article is to assess the impact of the war in Poland’s neighborhood on its airspace. The article focuses on identifying the main changes and challenges that are emerging in the context of safety, air traffic regulation, economy and social aspects of life, as well as propose strategies for managing these challenges. The research problem was formulated: How does a war near Poland’s borders affect the functioning of the airspace over the country? The study aims to identify key threats and consequences for various aviation-related sectors. According to the research problem, a research hypothesis was formulated which assumes that the war in Poland’s neighborhood significantly increases the security risk, leads to changes in air traffic regulations, negatively affects the aviation economy and causes social fears and uncertainty. Appropriate research methods were used to achieve the goal and verify the hypothesis. A review of available scientific publications, reports and documents on the impact of armed conflicts on the airspace was carried out. The collected data and their analysis regarding aviation incidents, changes in flight routes, the number of passengers and the economic impact on the aviation sector allowed the formulation of the main conclusions. Using these methods, the article seeks to comprehensively assess the impact of the war on the airspace over Poland, identifying key challenges and proposing possible solutions to minimize the negative effects of the conflict.

The aim of the article is to analyze the role and importance of pro-defense non-governmental organizations in the state security system. The authors aim to show how these organizations contribute to increasing the level of safety through various educational, training, logistical and operational support activities. The article begins with a discussion of contemporary threats and challenges in the area of security, emphasizing the need for a flexible approach to security strategy and the involvement of various sectors of society, including non-governmental organizations. In the next part, the authors define non-governmental organizations and emphasize their independence from government structures. They draw attention to their role in the democratic system and to the legal framework for the functioning of non-governmental organizations in Poland. Further on, the authors discuss a wide range of activities of non-governmental organizations, including the promotion of physical activity, culture, education, social assistance, health care, local development, protection of animal rights and promotion of gender equality. They emphasise how the diversity of these activities contributes to improving the quality of life of citizens and increasing public awareness. For the purposes of the article, a research problem was formulated in the form of the question: What is the importance and role of pro-defense non-governmental organizations in the state security system? In view of the research problem presented in this way, a hypothesis was formulated: Pro-defense non-governmental organizations play an important role in the state security system, contributing to raising the level of security through education, training, logistical and operational support, and shaping security policies at the local and national level. For the purposes of the study, the method of analysis of literature, legal acts and reliable Internet sources was used.

After 1989, the Polish military underwent significant transformation to increase the country’s defense capacity. Technological modernization, integration with NATO, diversification of supply sources, investments in training and human resources, and development of cybersecurity capabilities were key elements of this transformation. Poland has also adapted to new types of threats, such as terrorism and hybrid warfare. As a result, the Polish army became better prepared to defend the country and participate in international operations. The aim of this article is to present the impact of the Polish Army’s equipment on safety. The first part describes the condition of the Armed Forces after the political transformation. Changes in the equipment of the Polish Armed Forces after joining NATO are described in turn. The main part focuses on the analysis of the impact of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine on changes in the equipment of the Polish armed forces. To sum up, it was noted that Polish efforts in the military area are appreciated all over the world. The main problem was formulated: What impact did the transformation of the Polish army have on Poland’s security after 1989? The study included a critical analysis of literature, legal acts and reliable internet sources. The synthesis method allowed for drawing the main conclusions.