Marek Ferenc

History textbooks intended for the lower secondary schools introduce the modern era in the second grade. The problem is that its chronological framework is too broad, which results in the use of numerous shortcuts as well as in superficial treatment of a variety of issues. With regard to the textbook structure, one can notice a certain unity and typicality. Standard chronological-problematic system was used. Source texts are a regular part of textbooks, usually accompanied by appropriate questions and tasks for students. Sources included in textbooks are generally well and aptly chosen. What is more, the books provide a chronological summary of major events in the form of tables or chronological tables, calendars, or timelines. We should appreciate the fact that it becomes a norm to include explanations of various difficult terms and concepts. Iconography is to be found in many textbooks and one can notice its diversity; outside illustrative function, it provides a lot of additional knowledge. All textbooks are characterized by a rich and varied graphic design. On the other hand, there may be some objections as to the illustrations used in the school books; this refers primarily to their size – often illustrations are simply too small and there is little to be seen on them. Similar objections can also be applied to the maps – they are either too small and illegible or contain too much information as well as cover a too long period.

In Księgi hetmańskie [Hetman Books] by Stanisław Sarnicki, the Ruthenian land of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is depicted as a turbulent land under permanent threat. The reason of the threat were the incessant invasions of the Tartars. According to the words of Sarnicki, the inspiration to write the Books were some talks resulting from the activity of the Crimean warriors which were held in Ruthenia. They concerned the issues of war and defense. In his work the author tried to describe precisely the routes of Tartar invasions passing through Ukraine. He paid close attention to the vocabulary used in those territories. He described the bravery of the Ruthenians, their weaponry and methods of combat. He enumerated many well-known people related to the Ukrainian region. In Hetman Books one can also find some information on medicaments used in Ukraine. Sarnicki also devoted a lot of space to the Cossacks, whom he considered great soldiers. He praised their skills of fighting in sea battles. He also saw a possibility to establish a Cossack fleet for the Commonwealth.