Małgorzata Czermińska

All goods which crossed the customs border of the European Union and were approved for marketing can circulate freely within the common market. Therefore, it is important to ensure the safety of cross-border movement of goods and the control at the borders, as well as the cooperation of customs administrations in the Community to prevent, detect, and prosecute violations of customs regulations. The main aim of this article is to demonstrate the rules of the introduction of goods and customs service to the single market of the European Union. Particular attention was paid to the directions of changes taking place in this field as well as to the actions taken under the single European market undertaken both to ensure the safety and to facilitate and accelerate the trade, by simplifying and reducing the formalities for customs clearance. These actions are the result of changes taking place in the practice of international trade, aiming towards the implementation of a fully automated electronic environment while ensuring the security of trade deals and commodity turnover, protection from the risks of globalization processes, such as, among others, protection against the influx of goods infringing intellectual property rights.

The article aims at analysing the interrelations between the functioning of regional economic integration arrangements in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) signed with the region by the European Union as well as their consequences. Initially, an integration approach (based on the existent integration arrangements) was dominating in the EPA negotiations. The negotiation process, however, covers four regions in Africa, whose scope does not necessarily overlap with integration arrangements on the Continent. These are: Central Africa, Western Africa, Eastern and Southern Africa, South African Development Community (SADC) as well as two extra-African regions: CARIFORUM (the Caribbean) and the Pacific. It seems that the way of leading the negotiations is debatable and bears many significant consequences for the SSA region, where many overlapping integration arrangements exist. The article, based on Polish and international literature, utilizes analytical-descriptive method of the secondary legislation of the EU (regulations) as well as the statistical data provided by the UNCTAD.

Komentarze do Rozmowy "Wielogłosu"

The aim of the paper is to present the results of a research into the functioning of the customs union between the European Union and Turkey. The survey uses a method of critical analysis of the literature and a review of source documents and statistical data, which allowed to identify the weaknesses and indicate the reasons for modernization and proposed directions of changes of the current agreement. The main drawback of the agreement is that it only covers the liberalization of trade in industrial goods. In addition, Turkey does not have observer status in the EU Trade Policy Committee. For these reasons in December 2016 the European Commission proposed a review of the existing customs union agreement with Turkey and an extension of trade relations by creating a new type of trade agreement. It is proposed to include additional areas in the regulatory framework of the new agreement, in particular agriculture, services, and access to public tenders.