Katarzyna Ochyra-Żurawska

Contemporary challenges of Polish’s external security are a comprehensive area that requires an effective security policy. Tensions on the eastern borders, increased Russian activity, cyber threats, instability in the Middle East and asymmetric threats are the main challenges. Poland must continue to develop its defence capabilities, cooperate with its allies and invest in modern technologies. Diplomacy based on international cooperation and the development of civil society are also crucial. Through these actions, Poland can effectively face contemporary threats and ensure the security of its citizens. The aim of the article is to identify contemporary challenges and threats to the external security of Polish. The main research problem was formulated: How do contemporary threats affect the external security of Polish? In order to answer the problematic question, the authors used a critical analysis of the literature, legal acts and documents. as well as reliable online sources.

The aim of the article is to analyze the role and importance of pro-defense non-governmental organizations in the state security system. The authors aim to show how these organizations contribute to increasing the level of safety through various educational, training, logistical and operational support activities. The article begins with a discussion of contemporary threats and challenges in the area of security, emphasizing the need for a flexible approach to security strategy and the involvement of various sectors of society, including non-governmental organizations. In the next part, the authors define non-governmental organizations and emphasize their independence from government structures. They draw attention to their role in the democratic system and to the legal framework for the functioning of non-governmental organizations in Poland. Further on, the authors discuss a wide range of activities of non-governmental organizations, including the promotion of physical activity, culture, education, social assistance, health care, local development, protection of animal rights and promotion of gender equality. They emphasise how the diversity of these activities contributes to improving the quality of life of citizens and increasing public awareness. For the purposes of the article, a research problem was formulated in the form of the question: What is the importance and role of pro-defense non-governmental organizations in the state security system? In view of the research problem presented in this way, a hypothesis was formulated: Pro-defense non-governmental organizations play an important role in the state security system, contributing to raising the level of security through education, training, logistical and operational support, and shaping security policies at the local and national level. For the purposes of the study, the method of analysis of literature, legal acts and reliable Internet sources was used.

The past events of spring 2014 in Ukraine not only had an impact on the original security conditions in Europe and on the world stage, but also obliged the international community to take appropriate action in the face of the situation. In a way, states and international organisations have been forced to react in the context of the violation of international law by the Russian Federation, actions contrary to Russian-Ukrainian international agreements, and the destabilisation of the world order established after the end of World War II. The first part of the article describes the genesis of the conflict in Ukraine. The main part presents the reaction of the international community to the outbreak of war. This article is an attempt to indicate the genesis of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, as well as the reaction of the international community to the refugee crisis. The research problem was formulated: How has the refugee crisis affected the international community? A research hypothesis was formulated accordingly to the research problem: The refugee crisis has had a significant impact on the international community, leading to changes in migration policy, increased social tensions and challenges related to the integration of refugees, as well as to increased international and humanitarian cooperation. For the purposes of the study, the method of analysis of literature, legal acts and reliable Internet sources was used.