Danuta Gibas-Krzak

The main objective of the article is to show how China is putting into practice the idea of the development of the Digital Silk Road in the Balkans. The influence of China in terms of digitalization and new technologies is not the same in all the countries of the region. The author’s emphasis is on the fact that Serbia is the most involved in cooperation with China. Huawei, which has its regional headquarters in Belgrade, is a long-standing partner of the state-owned telecommunications company Telecom Srbija. Working with Huawei, more than a dozen Serbian cities are being equipped to become Smart Cities. The Serbs are using the latest Chinese software to monitor and analyze urban behaviour. In 2017, Huawei installed cameras in the building of the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia. They tested them not only for facial recognition, but also for behaviour, collecting data that would allow them to assess whether a particular behaviour could lead to violence. The article also outlines the influence of China on the digitalization process in North Macedonia, Romania, and Bulgaria. Due to US policy and the implementation of the Clean Network principles, numerous Balkan countries have declined to engage in broader collaboration with Huawei, citing allegations of corruption and espionage practices. It is inaccurate to suggest that China has conquered the Balkans. In fact, the influence of EU countries in the region is much more significant and far-reaching than that of China. It is important to acknowledge that Beijing is adopting a highly proactive approach and is not deterred by isolated instances of failure. A significant number of industries in the Balkans are in a state of persistent financial need. Only the future will tell whether the Chinese will be able to dominate the Balkans economically, even if it does not seem possible now.

The goal of this paper is to show the expansion of the Turkish policy, defined as neo-Ottomanism, in the post-Yugoslavian countries, and its effect in the spheres of political, economic and cultural life. The author asks the questions: do Turkish influences contribute to the specific culture of European Islam, of which the goal, despite prevailing Islamophobia, is to disseminate ideals of tolerance between nations and religions? Does the Turkish capital contribute only to the economic development of post-Yugoslavian countries through investments? On the other hand, the reactivation of neo-Ottomanism may contribute to the development of radical tendencies, including religious fundamentalism, which is, in many aspects, a threat to post-Yugoslavian countries. More and more researchers and political experts claim that the political situation in the Balkans can be destabilized as a result of the domination of the Muslim environment, whereas the dissemination of radical versions of this religion such as Wahhabism may favour the development of Islamic terrorism. Firstly, Serbian researchers have a critical approach to this issue and they claim that neo-Ottomanism is of a revisionist nature, because it disturbs the political balance in the western Balkans resulting from the Dayton Agreement (1995).