The article describes the evolution of the gas relations model between Russia and Ukraine, which is important for the European gas market. For almost the entire period after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia kept a dominant position in gas relations with Ukraine. The authorities in Kiev periodically attempted to reduce Moscow’s dominance, but they manifested political declarations rather than real action. In recent years Ukraine has strengthened position in bilateral relations, mainly due to three elements: internal reforms, strengthening of Ukraine’s energy independence as well as the determination of the Kiev authorities to assert their rights in international arbitration. Although significant were the processes taking place in the international environment regardless of the Ukrainian authorities.