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Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia

Between Institutional Antisemitism and Authoritarianism in the Territory of the Former Galicia, 1935–1939: Discussion of the Problem

Data publikacji: 2020

Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia, 2020, Volume 18, s. 97 - 104

https://doi.org/10.4467/20843925SJ.20.007.13875

Autorzy

,
Tony Kahane
Gesher Galicia, London, UK and Philadelphia, USA
Wszystkie publikacje autora →
Andrew Zalewski
Gesher Galicia, London, UK and Philadelphia, USA
Wszystkie publikacje autora →

Tytuły

Between Institutional Antisemitism and Authoritarianism in the Territory of the Former Galicia, 1935–1939: Discussion of the Problem

Abstrakt

In the period 1935–1939, following the death of head of state Marshal Piłsudski, the  Polish national government adopted a more authoritarian and nationalist stance. Piłsudski had been considered by some Polish Jews as a protector of national and religious minorities. After his death in May 1935, institutional antisemitism experienced a dramatic increase.

In the public sphere, certain newspapers regularly featured antisemitic “news reports,” opinion pieces and cartoons of an extreme nature. The newspaper ABC, for instance, advocated boycotts  of Jewish businesses and shops, listing them by name, and encouraged Jewish emigration. In universities, the increasing discrimination against Jews has been well documented. MostPolish universities instituted restrictions on the number of Jewish students they would admit, or else barred them altogether. The education ministry willingly turned a blind eye to the admission policies of the university authorities. At the beginning of the academic year 1938–1939, for example, only three students in the first year of medical studies in Lwów (less than 1% of the new intake) were Jews, and none in Kraków.

After discussing antisemitism in newspapers and universities in the late 1930s, this article will examine documents held in the State Archive of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (DAIFO) concerning relations between the Jewish communities in the Stanisławów region, and the district, provincial and national authorities, including the national Ministry for Religious Denominations and Public Enlightenment. Much of this documentation concerns the town of Dolina. With the backing of the district authorities, an attempt was made to install as assistant rabbi in the town a certain Ksyel Juda Halberstam. This move was strongly opposed by many members of the Dolina Jewish community, as well as by its senior rabbi. The correspondence sheds light on the protracted struggle between the different parties until the assistant rabbi was finally installed in late 1938.

These files on the Dolina episode highlight the desire on the part of the authorities to control the rabbis, and through them the members of their communities. Information was systematically gathered on all the rabbis in the province, with particular emphasis on their moral behaviour, their perceived loyalty to the state, and their fluency in the Polish language. These actions, in turn, reflect an underlying suspicion over the extent of the rabbis’ “Polishness” and a fear, in an era of growing nationalism, of “antinational” behaviour. Such suspicions of loyalty were particularly marked where rabbis were thought to have Zionist links.

Bibliografia

Archival sources

Archives of Charles University, German University (Matricula doctorum and Doktoren Matrik); and

Charles (Czech) University (Matrika doctoru).

Fond 187, inventories 1–6, and Fond 180, inventories 1–10.

DAIFO

Fond 2, desc. 1, case 2081, Correspondence on Religious Affairs, 1936–1937, case 2086, Correspondence on Religious Affairs, 1938.

DALO

Fond 26, desc. 10, case 1700.

Printed sources

Kronika Uniwersytetu Jana Kazimierza we Lwowie: za rok szkolny 1922–1923 (1926), Lwów.

Rozporządzenie Ministra Wyznań Religijnych i Oświecenia Publicznego z dnia 24 października 1930 r. w sprawie regulaminu wyborczego dla wyborów rabinów i podrabinów w gminach wyznaniowych żydowskich na obszarze Rzeczypospolitej z wyjątkiem województwa śląskiego [Ordinance of the Minister of Religious Denominations and Public Enlightenment of 24 October 1930, on the rules for elections of rabbis and assistant rabbis in Jewish communities in the territory of the Republic of Poland, with the exception of the Silesian voivodeship].

Press

ABC: Nowiny Codzienne 1938.

Secondary sources

Academia Militans: Uniwersytet Jana Kazimierza we Lwowie (2015), ed. A. Redzik, Kraków.

Kahane, T. (2019), Research Corner: Discoveries in the Archives, Galitzianer 26, no. 3: 10–11.

Kulczykowski, M. (2004), Żydzi – Studenci Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej (1918–1939), Kraków. 

Mick, C. (2016), Lemberg, Lwów, L’viv, 1914–1947: Violence and Ethnicity in a Contested City, West Lafayette, IN. 

Rocznik Polityczny i Gospodarczy (1939), Warszawa.

Zalewski, A. (2019), Research Corner: University Records Revisited, Galitzianer 26, no. 2: 4–9.

Informacje

Informacje: Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia, 2020, s. 97 - 104

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Tytuły:

Polski:

Between Institutional Antisemitism and Authoritarianism in the Territory of the Former Galicia, 1935–1939: Discussion of the Problem

Angielski:

Between Institutional Antisemitism and Authoritarianism in the Territory of the Former Galicia, 1935–1939: Discussion of the Problem

Autorzy

Gesher Galicia, London, UK and Philadelphia, USA

Gesher Galicia, London, UK and Philadelphia, USA

Publikacja: 2020

Status artykułu: Otwarte __T_UNLOCK

Licencja: CC BY-NC-ND  ikona licencji

Udział procentowy autorów:

Tony Kahane (Autor) - 50%
Andrew Zalewski (Autor) - 50%

Korekty artykułu:

-

Języki publikacji:

Angielski

Liczba wyświetleń: 694

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