Between Haskalah and Zionism. The Example of the Jewish Community of Brody

Dominika Rank

Tytuły

Abstrakt

In Galicia the propagation of Jewish diaspora nationalism in the early phase of this movement was welcomed by liberal Jewish organizations as just another step towards the ideals of Enlightenment. However, while Zionism gradually emerged as a separate political movement in Galicia, in Brody remained just a part of the cultural Enlightenment process of the Haskalah. In Lviv and other Galician towns, the same period was characterized by the intense development of Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish national ideologies—a markedly different situation compared to the pro-Austrian, centrist Brody, with its established Jewish economic elite with Austrian liberal supra-national identity. Owing to the dominant role of Jews in the economic, cultural and to some degree political life of the city, the local population did not encounter significant levels of anti-Semitism. This absence of a group that would symbolize the “alien, hostile other”—the absence of anti-Semitism—meant that the Zionism could not establish itself as a saviour and defender of the Jews in 19th century Brody. As such, Zionism was not regarded as a serious alternative to the Austrian liberal ideology espoused by the local population.

The situation was changed with the establishment of universal suffrage in the Austrian Empire and the accompanying development of mass election campaigns contributed to the population’s politicization and the formation of a national identity in both Brody and throughout Galicia. Together with the use of modern political campaign methods and the activities of some members of the Jewish community, Zionism in Brody began to attract more active and conscious supporters.

In Galicia the propagation of Jewish diaspora nationalism in the early phase of this movement was welcomed by liberal Jewish organizations as just another step towards the ideals of Enlightenment. However, while Zionism gradually emerged as a separate political movement in Galicia, in Brody remained just a part of the cultural Enlightenment process of the Haskalah. In Lviv and other Galician towns, the same period was characterized by the intense development of Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish national ideologies—a markedly different situation compared to the pro-Austrian, centrist Brody, with its established Jewish economic elite with Austrian liberal supra-national identity. Owing to the dominant role of Jews in the economic, cultural and to some degree political life of the city, the local population did not encounter significant levels of anti-Semitism. This absence of a group that would symbolize the “alien, hostile other”—the absence of anti-Semitism—meant that the Zionism could not establish itself as a saviour and defender of the Jews in 19th century Brody. As such, Zionism was not regarded as a serious alternative to the Austrian liberal ideology espoused by the local population.

The situation was changed with the establishment of universal suffrage in the Austrian Empire and the accompanying development of mass election campaigns contributed to the population’s politicization and the formation of a national identity in both Brody and throughout Galicia. Together with the use of modern political campaign methods and the activities of some members of the Jewish community, Zionism in Brody began to attract more active and conscious supporters.

Słowa kluczowe

Brody, Haskalah, Zionism, Galicia, 19th century

Bibliografia

Jewish newspapers

Der Israelit 1896, no. 10.

Ivri Anochi 1865, no. 1; 1885, no. 3.

Jedność, Organ Żydów Polskich 1907, no. 15; 1909, no. 4.

Jüdische Zeitung, 2 (1908): 17.

Moriah 1904, no. 5; 1905, no. 11; 1908, no. 1-30.

Der Neuezeit 1862, no. 17.

Der Neuezeit 1867, no. 17.

Wschód 1902, no. 105.

Wschód 1903, no. 117.

Wschód 1904, no. 18.

Wschód 1905, no. 6.

Primary literature

Die Beschreibung der Feierlichkeiten des 1916 Namenstages des Kaisers in Brody am 4.10.1916 durch die Juden (Manuskript), P83/H42, from the private archive of Nathan Michael Gelber in The Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People Jerusalem.

“Kallir” Teka Schneidera 851, National Archive in Krakow.

Herzberg-Fränkel, L., Mayer von Kallir, Der Israelit, 7 (1875): 67.

Weinfeld, I. (1912), Ludność Miejska Galicji i jej Skład Wyznaniowy, 1881–1910, in: Wiadomości statystyczne o stosunkach krajowych, vol. XVI, no. 2, Lwów.

Secondary literature

Bartal, I. (1998), Responses to Modernity: Haskalah, Orthodoxy and Nationalism in Eastern Eastern Europe, in: S. Almog, J. Reinharz, A. Shapira (eds.), Zionism and Religion, Hanover-London: Brandeis University Press: 13-24.

Feiner, S. (2004), Haskala and History. The Emergence of a Modern Jewish Historical Consciousness, Oxford.

Gaisbauer, A. (1988), Davidstern und Doppeladler. Zionismus und jüdischer Nationalismus in Österreich 1882–1918, Vienna: Böhlau Verlag.

Jörg, G. (2007), Mises: The Last Knight of Liberalism, Vienna: Ludwig von Mises Institute.

Honigsman, J. (2011), Evrei goroda Brody [Jews of Brody], Lviv.

Kuzmany, B. (2011), Brody: Eine Galizische Grenzstadt Im Langen 19. Jahrhundert, Wien-Köln-
Weimar: Böhlau.

Landesmann, P. (1997), Rabbiner Aus Wien: Ihre Ausbildung, Ihre Religiösen Und Nationalen Konflikte, Vienna.

Mahler, R. (1958), Yidn in amolin Poyln: in likh fun tsifern: di demografishe un sotsyal-ekonomishe struktur fun Yidn: in royn-Poyln in XVIII yorhundert, Warsaw.

Margoshes, J. (2008), A World Apart. A Memoir of Jewish Life in Nineteenth Century Galicia, Boston: Academic Studies Press.

Melamed, V. (1994), Evrei vo Lvove v XIII – pervaia polovina XX veka [Jews in Lviv from the 13th to the first half of the 20th century], Lviv.

Rozenblit, M. (2001), Reconstructing a National Identity. The Jews of Habsburg Austria during Word War I, New York: Oxford University Press.

Salmon, Y. (1998), Zionism and Anti-Zionism in traditional Judaism in Eastern Europe, in: S. Almog, J. Reinharz, A. Shapira (eds.), Zionism and Religion, Hanover-London: Brandeis University Press: 25-44.

Shanes, J. (2012), Diaspora Nationalism and Jewish Identity in Habsburg Galicia, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Wurm, D. (1935), Z dziejów Żydostwa Brodskiego. Za czasów dawnej Rzeczypospolitej polskiej
(do r. 1772), Brody.

Internet sources

Menda-Levy, O. (2010), Schorr, Yehoshu‘a Heshel, YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Schorr_Yehoshua_Heshel [accessed 22 September 2017].

Statistical data on the population of Horodenka, “Horodenka, Ukraine”, Jewishgen, http://data.jewishgen.org/wconnect/wc.dll?jg~jgsys~community~-1039416 [accessed 18 August 2017].

Statistical data on the population of Kalush, “Kalush, Ukraine”, Jewishgen, http://data.jewishgen.org/wconnect/wc.dll?jg~jgsys~community~-1040700 [accessed 18 August 2017].

Informacje

Informacje: Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia, 2017, Volume 15, s. 115 - 125

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/20843925SJ.17.008.8177

Typ artykułu: Oryginalny artykuł naukowy

Tytuły:

Polski:

Between Haskalah and Zionism. The Example of the Jewish Community of Brody

Angielski:

Between Haskalah and Zionism. The Example of the Jewish Community of Brody

Autorzy

Dominika Rank

Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie, Polska, ul. Gołębia 24, 31-007 Kraków

Ukrainian Catholic University, 17, Yuriya Mushaka St, Lviv, Ukraine

Publikacja: 15.03.2018

Status artykułu: Otwarte

Licencja: CC BY-NC-ND

Udział procentowy autorów:

Dominika Rank (Autor) - 100%

Korekty artykułu:

-

Języki publikacji:

Angielski

Liczba wyświetleń: 1856

Liczba pobrań: 1352

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