Despite the great geographical distance between China and Poland, the two countries share a long and deep friendship. In recent years, literature has made frequent appearances at different levels of interactions and communications between China and Poland, demonstrating the unique role of literary exchanges in promoting the development of a relationship between two countries. This essay provides a systematic compendium, a comprehensive summary, and a multidimensional analysis of Chinese-Polish literary exchanges. Beginning with methodology, it introduces the purpose, subjects, range, levels, and theoretical tools of the study of two countries’ literary relations. Through a multi-dimensional study of literary reception, the Chinese-Polish literary exchange is divided into five periods: an early period of “mutual acquaintance”, a period of “initial development” in the first half of the 20th century, a period of “becoming mature” in the second half of the 20th century, a period of “increasing prosperity” in the new era, and a period of “new times” since 2012. The essay analyzes the contents, characteristics, and causes of Chinese-Polish literary exchanges in every period, objectively depicting the panorama of exchanges in literature between the two countries. On this basis, the patterns of Chinese-Polish literary exchanges are summarized from three dimensions: translation, imagology, and communication. Finally, suggestions are offered on how to effectively carry out the mutual promotion of Chinese and Polish literature in the future.