Maciej Piegdoń
Prace Historyczne, Numer 150 (3), 2023, s. 407 - 429
https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.23.024.18529Maciej Piegdoń
ELECTRUM, Volume 20, 2013, s. 117 - 141
Maciej Piegdoń
ELECTRUM, Volume 27, 2020, s. 221 - 224
https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909EL.20.013.12803Maciej Piegdoń
ELECTRUM, Volume 26, 2019, s. 219 - 221
https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909EL.19.021.11224Maciej Piegdoń
ELECTRUM, Volume 29, 2022, s. 345 - 346
https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909EL.22.024.15794Maciej Piegdoń
ELECTRUM, Volume 23, 2016, s. 231 - 236
https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909EL.16.013.5832Maciej Piegdoń
ELECTRUM, Volume 25, 2018, s. 27 - 46
https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909EL.18.003.8923Maciej Piegdoń
ELECTRUM, Volume 21, 2014, s. 87 - 97
https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909EL.14.001.2781Maciej Piegdoń
Prace Historyczne, Numer 140 (2), 2013, s. 125 - 144
https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.13.009.1103
Umbria and Umbrians’ attitude towards the Roman expansion in 4th–2nd century BCE
This article is an attempt to present the role of the Roman Republic’s policies towards Umbrian tribes (in 4th–2nd century BCE) and show the effects of those policies. Umbria was initially an area inhabited by a mosaic of Umbrian’s tribes representing various levels of development.
The policy of first conquering and then subordinating this area, as well as the powerful influence of Roman law, ideas, and cultural models, indicates not only the great military might of republican Rome but also the attractiveness of its civilization. Rome’s effectiveness resulted mainly from the fact that its actions complemented each other. After victorious military operations, or sometimes simultaneously with those operations, came settlement campaigns (colonies: Narnia, Interamna Nahars, Spoletium etc.)
Rome was also a master of diplomacy. It mollified its recent enemies by concluding alliances (foederae with Camerinum, Ocriculum etc.) that created a system of friendly state and tribal organisms and enabled its citizens to live peaceably on the conquered territories. All these actions made it possible to subordinate the region, make the Roman presence permanent, and effectively repulse the invaders (Hannibal and his brother – Hasdrubal during the Second Punic War).
The intensified settlement policy in Umbria and the expansion of its infrastructure (roads), facilitated economic contacts between Roman settlements and the centers of the subjugated, allied native tribes.
Maciej Piegdoń
ELECTRUM, Volume 29, 2022, s. 347 - 349
https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909EL.22.025.15795Maciej Piegdoń
Prace Historyczne, Numer 142 (3), 2015, s. 373 - 385
https://doi.org/10.4467/20844069PH.15.023.3894“Imperium Sine Fine”? Latium, Italy and the Borders of Roman Expansion During the Republic. Some Remarks,
The success of Roman expansion in the Republican period and the durability of the Empire, which survived the fall of the Republic and continued to function for the next few hundred years under the rule of emperors, drew the attention of scholars in subsequent eras. In the famous Vergil’s phrase – Imperium sine fine dedi – Jupiter bestowed a dominion without limits on the Romans as the defenders of their friends, clients, allies and generally the weak. The majority of available accounts present the Romans as protectors. This is a result of a strong rhetoric of propaganda used by the Romans in order to justify themselves in the eyes of the contemporary and posterity alike. The conception of imperialism without limits was probably born in the middle of the 2nd century or more probably in the 1st century B.C. but both earlier and later Rome outlined the borders of the expansion (e.g. lands, rivers or seas).