Grażyna Mendecka

Individual activity as a factor in the development of outstanding creator
Creative activity of a human being results in works valuable both in individual and social terms. Such activity enables man to gain deeper and better insight into the essence and mystery of the world, its guiding principles and to discover what has been so far unknown. The creative potential of a child becomes evident from the first years of spontaneous activity, language acquisition and artistic creations. Due to this potential, a child makes significant progress in getting to know the surrounding world. Such creative impetus goes through subsequent crises quite soon, with increasing conformist behaviour. However, outstanding creativity does not disappear as fast as egalitarian one and for many years its level remains high. The results of research and of biographical analysis carried out by the author concerning outstanding creators show that individual activity of the creators determines whether creative potential is used or not. Moreover, such individual activity remains a dominant factor stimulating the development of creators, while egalitarian creativity is to a large extent determined by environment and upbringing. Strong ego, dominance and nonconformism make creators independent and self-confident individuals, capable of self-determination and strong-minded, in particular as regards their imperative of creative activity in the field they have chosen. Due to individual activity one does not succumb to the pressure of the surrounding, but exerts independent control upon one’s own resources and the environment. The assumption that individual activity constitutes a dominant factor in the development of outstanding creators was supported with the analysis of biographic facts.

Gender Identity in the Narrative of Women-Soldiers Serving in the Red Army during World War II

The analysis of gender identity is based on the narratives of women who volunteered to serve in the military after the start of World War II and fought as soldiers in the Red Army. Forty years after World War II, Svetlana Alexievich conducted interviews with women veterans, which she published in the book War’s Unwomanly Face. Their memories of wartime and post-war period were analyzed from the perspective of their gender identity, i.e. the ability to reconcile the role of a woman determined by their biological sex with the role of a soldier determined by the circumstances. The interpretation of this problem offered in the paper is based on developmental psychology theories of Erik Erikson, James Marcia, Daniel Levinson, and Jeffrey Arnett, and the sociological perspective on identity. Selected narratives from Alexievich’s reportages are analyzed focusing on identification and interpretation of different themes, which are assessed according to their relevance to the understanding of the process described. The narrators were only 16–20 years old at the time of joining the military and they were still at the stage of identity moratorium.

It required a lot of determination for them to become a soldier. Their identity as a soldier was their assumed identity, defined by Marcia as ideological or professional engagement without completing the period of exploration. Women were not welcome in the army, they suffered because of logistical shortcomings, but they still supported all of the units, became officers and military leaders, and were awarded medals for their valor, courage and reliability. After the war, they were socially rejected and condemned and they needed to process their identity, i.e. reject their military ethos in order to strengthen their sense of being a women. Based on Arnett’s concept one can conclude that their “in between”period of identity exploration was determined by external events and social relations.