Armenia and the Land of the Mazkut‘ (3rd–5th Centuries AD): Written Sources and Archaeological Data
cytuj
pobierz pliki
RIS BIB ENDNOTEChoose format
RIS BIB ENDNOTEArmenia and the Land of the Mazkut‘ (3rd–5th Centuries AD): Written Sources and Archaeological Data
Publication date: 02.07.2021
ELECTRUM, 2021, Volume 28, pp. 207 - 219
https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909EL.21.014.13372Authors
Armenia and the Land of the Mazkut‘ (3rd–5th Centuries AD): Written Sources and Archaeological Data
Since the early 4th century, ancient Armenian authors (P‘awstos Buzand, Movsēs Xorenac‘i, Agat‘angełos, Movsēs Dasxuranc‘i, the Ašxarac‘oyc) begin to mention the Land of the Mazk‘ut‘ (Arm. ašharh Mazk‘t‘acʻ), located in the East Caucasus. The Sarmato-Alan burial mounds of plain Daghestan of the 3rd–5th centuries (Lvov, Palasa-Syrt, etc.) are attributed to this ethnic community. In 216 AD these tribes invaded Armenia through the Derbent pass (Arm. durn Čoray) (Khorenatsi 2,65), and took part in the Armenian-Iranian war in the middle of the 3rd century.
At the beginning of the 4th century the post of “bdeašx from the Mazk‘ut‘s” (Agatangełos. 874) appears in administrative apparatus of Armenia, which shows the military and strategic value of the Land of Mazk‘ut‘s. At the same time, the family dynastic ties are apparently established between the ruling houses of Armenia and the kingdom of the Mazk‘ut‘ (Ašxen, Ašxadar, Trdat, Sanesan, Xosrow). The importance of this kingdom can be seen by the events of the 330s’—the struggle for the Armenian throne after the king Trdat’s death in c. 330 AD, in which the different tribes led by Sanesan, the King of the Mazk‘ut‘, took active part.
The discontinuance of the Mazk‘ut‘ burial mounds in the middle of the 5th century might be explained, on the one hand, by the possible annexation of the Mazk‘ut‘ by the Huns during the invasion of Transcaucasia and the seizure of the Derbent pass in circa 440 AD; on the other hand, by the subsequent forceful displacement of the Mazk‘ut‘s and the Huns from the territory to the south of Derbent along with the strengthening of Sasanian Iran in the East Caucasus in the 440s’ and regain of control over the Derbent pass, which can be traced both in written sources (Ełishe, History of Karka de Beth Selok) and fortification monuments (mud-brick fortifications of Derbent and Torpakh-kala).
Abramova, М. P. (1997), Rannie Alany Severnogo Kavkaza [The Early Alans of the North Caucasus], Moskva.
Agathangelos (1976), History of the Armenians, ed. R. W. Thomson, Albany.
Akopjan [Hakobyan], А. А. (1987), Albania-Aluank v greko-latinskikh i drevnearmyanskikh istochnikakh [Albania-Aluank in Greek-Latin and Ancient Armenian Sources], Erevan.
Anania irakac‘i (1992), The Geography of Ananias of Sirak (Ašxarha‘oyc‘): The Long and the Short Version, introduction, transl. and comm. by R. H. Hewsen, Wiesbaden.
Artamonov, М. I. (1962), Istorija Khazar [The History of the Khazars], Leningrad.
D’jakonov, M. I. (1956), Istorija Midii ot drevnejših vremen do kona IV v. do n.è. [The History of Media from Ancient Times to the 4th c. BC], Moskva–Leningrad.
Ełišē (2001), Slovo o vojne Armjanskoi [Narration of the Armenian War], Russian translation from the Ancient Armenian by Academician I. A. Orbeli, new edition by K. N. Juzbašjan, Erevan.
Eremjan, S. T. (1951), Narodno-osvoboditel’naja vojna Armyan protiv Persov v 450–451 gg. [The People’s Liberation War of Armenians against the Persians in the Years 450–451], Vestnik drevnej istorii 4: 41–60.
Gabuev, Т. А., Malašev, V. Ju. (2009), Pamjatniki rannih Alan central’nykh rajonov Severnogo Kavkaza [The Sites of the Early Alans of the Central Areas of the North Caucasus], Moskva.
Gadjiev, М. S. (1980), K voprosu o mestopoloženii sasanidskogo goroda Šahristan-i Yezdigerd [To the Question of Location of Sasanian city Šahristan-I Yezdigerd], Drevnie i srednevekovye arheologičeskie pamyatniki Dagestana [Ancient and Medieval Archeological Sites of Daghestan], Mahačkala: 144–152.
Gadjiev, М. S. (1982), Yuzhniy Dagestan v III-V vekah [Southern Dagestan in 3d-5th centuries]. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, Moscow.Gadjiev, М. S. (1989), Issledovanija syrcovoi fortifikacii citadeli Derbenta sasanidskogo vremeni (po materialam raskopov R-XI i R-XIII) [The Researches of Mudbrick Fortification of Derbent Citadel of Sasanian Time (on the Materials of Excavation Areas R-XI and R-XIII)], in: Drevnjaja i srednevekovaja arhitektura Dagestana [Ancient and Medieval Architecture of Daghestan], Mahačkala: 61–76.
Gadjiev, М. S. (2001), Gorodišče Torpah-kala [Fortified Settlement Torpakh-kala], Arheologija vostočnoevropejskoj lesostepi [Archaeology of the East European Forest-steppe], issue 15: Srednevekovye drevnosti evraziyskikh stepei [Medieval Antiquities of Eurasian Steppes], Voronež: 32–40.
Gadjiev, М. S. (2002), Drevnij gorod Dagestana. Opyt istoriko-topografičeskogo i social’no-economičeskogo analiza [The Ancient City in Daghestan: Experience of Historic-topographic and Social-economic Analysis], Moskva.
Gadjiev, М.S. (2009), Torpakh-kala – Sasanidskiy gorod-krepost’ na gunnskoy granitse [Torpakh-kala – Sasanian city-fortress on the Hunnic border], in: A. Semih Güneri (ed.), 1st International Congress of Eurasian Archaeology, 21-24 May 2007, Çeşme, İzmir, Türkiye: Proceedings of the FICEA 2007: 101–114. Gadjiev, М. S. (2012), Issledovanija rannej sasanidskoi fortifikacii Derbenta [The Researches of Early Sasanian Fortification of Derbent], in: Novejšie otrytija v arheologii Severnogo Kavkaza: issledovanija i interpretacii [The Latest Discoveries in Archaeology of North Caucasus: Researches and Interpretations], XXVII Krupnov’s Readings: Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, Mahačkala: 292–294.
Gadjiev, М. S. (2013a), Raskopki v citadeli Derbenta v 2011 g. [The Excavations in Citadel of Derbent in 2011], Vestnik Instituta istorii, arkheologii i etnografii [Bulletin of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography] 1: 56–81.
Gadjiev, М. S. (2013b), Gradostroitel’naja i fortifikacionnaja dejatel’nost’ Sasanidov na Vostocčnom Kavkaze [The Town-planning and Fortification Activity of Sasanides in the Eastern Caucasus], in:
Gorod i step’ v kontaktnij evroaziatskoj zone [Town and Steppe in Contact Eurasian Zone], Moskva: 58–64.
Gadjiev, М. S. (2015a), Hronologija Arshakidov Albanii [Chronology of the Arsacides of Albania], in: A. K. Alikberov, M. S. Gadžiev (eds.), Albania Caucasica 1, Moskva: 68–75.
Gadjiev, M. S. (2015b), Šahrestān Yazdegerd, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sahrestan-yazdgerd (accessed: 30 April 2017).
Gadjiev, М. S. (2016), Soobščenie Horenaci o pohode Hazir i Basil v 216 g. i ètnokarta Severo- Zapadnogo Prikaspija v pozdnesarmatskiйperiod [Xorenac‘i’s Evidence about the Invasion of the Khazirs and Basils in 216 AD and the Ethnic Map of North-West Pre-Caspian in Late Sarmatian Period], Caucaso-Caspica 1, Moskva: 7–24.
Gadjiev, М. S., Magomedov, R. G. (2008), Torpakh-kala – Kura-araksskoe poselenie i Sasanidskoe gorodišče v Yužnom Dagestane [Torpakh-kala—Kura-Araxes Settlement and Sasanian Fortified Settlement in the South Daghestan], in: Arkheologiya Kavkaza i Blizhnego Vostoka [Archaeology of the Caucasus and Near East]. Volume for 80th Anniversary of Corresponding Member of RAS, Prof. R.M. Munčaev, Moskva: 276–297.
Gadjiev, М. S., Semënov I. G. (2007), Kavkaz i Sasanidskij Iran. Očerk voenno-političeskoj istorii (III–V vv.) [The Caucasus and Sasanian Iran: Essay of Military and Political History (3rd–5th Centuries)], Archive of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Daghestanian Federal Research Center of RAS, fund 3, inventory 1, no. 873. (unpublished monography).
Gadlo, A. V. (1979), Etnicheskaya istoriya Severnogo Kavkaza IV-X vv. [The Ethnic History of Northern Caucasus of 4th-10th centuries],Leningrad.
Gutnov, F. Kh. (2001), Rannie Alany. Problemy etnosocial’noj istorii [The Early Alans: The Problems of Ethno-social History], Vladikavkaz.
Harut‘yunyan, B. (1981), Mazk‘t‘ac‘ Sanesan t‘agavori aršavank‘ Hayastan Մազքթաց [The Campaign to Armenia of Sanesan, King of the Mazk‘ut‘k‘], Lraber hasarakakan gitut‘yunneri 6: 65–77.
Hoffmann, G. (1880), Auszüge aus der syrischen Akten Persischer Martyrer, Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, excurse 7.3, Leipzig.
Humbach, H., Skjærvø, P. O. (1980), The Sassanian Inscription of Paikuli, part 2: Synoptic Tables, Wiesbaden.
Humbach, H., Skjærvø, P.O. (1983), The Sassanian Inscription of Paikuli, part 3: Restored Text and Translation, Wiesbaden.
Jacenko, S. A. (1998), “Byvšie Massagety” na novoj rodine – v Zapadnom Prekaspii (II–IV vv. n.è.), [“The Former Massagetes” in the New Motherland—in the Werstern Pre-Caspian], Istoriko-arheologičeskij al’manah [Historical and Archaeological Almanac], issue 4, Armavir–Moscow.
Justi, F. (1895), Iranisches Namenbuch, Marburg.
Juzbašjan, K. N. (2001), Armjanskaya epopeja V veka. Ot Avarajrskoj bitvy k soglašeniju v Nuarsake [Armenian Epic of the 5th Century: From the Battle of Avarayr to the Agreement in Nuarsak], Moskva.
Kettenhofen, E. (1996), Darband, EI 7: 13–19.
Kudryavtsev, A. A. (1978), O datirovke pervih sasanidskih ukreplenij v Derbente [About the Dating of the First Sasanian Fortifications in Derbent], Sovetskaja arheologija 3: 243–257.
Kudrjavcev, A. A. (1979), Dlinnye steny na Vostočnom Kavkaze [The Long Walls in the Eastern Caucasus], Voprosy istorii 11: 31–43.
Kudrjavcev, A. A. (2000), K otoždestvleniju rannesrednevekovja gorodov Čora i Derbenta [For the Identification of the Early Medieval Cities of Chor and Derbent], Istoriko-arheologičeskij al’manah 6: 38–45.
Kuznetsov, N. (1893), Derbent, in: F. A. Brokgauz, I. A. Efron (eds.), Enciklopedičeskiy slovar’ [Encyclopedic Dictionary], vol. 19, Moskva: 423.
Lukonin, V. G. (1987), Drevnjy i rannesrednevekovyj Iran. Očerki istorii i kul’tury [Ancient and Early Medieval Iran: Essays on the History and Culture], Moskva.
Malašev, V. Ju. (2007), Kul’turnaja situacija v central’nyh rajonah Severnogo Kavkaza vo II-IV vv. n.è., in: Tri četverti veka. D.V. Deopiku – druz’ja i učeniki [Three Quarters of Century: To D. V. Deopik – From His Friends and Pupils], Moskva: 487–501.
Malašev, V. Ju., Gadžiev, M. S., Il’yukov L. S. (2015), Strana Mazk‘ut‘ov v Zapadnom Prikaspii: Kurgannye mogil’niki Prikaspiyskogo Dagestana III–V vv. [The Land of the Mazk‘ut‘ in the Eastern Pre-Caspian: The Kurgan Cemeteries of Pre-Caspian Daghestan of the 3rd–5th cc. AD], Mahačkala.
Markwart, J. (1901), Eranšahr nach der Geographie des Ps. Moses Xorenaci. Mit historisch-kritischen Kommentar und historischen und topographischen Excursen, Berlin.
Movsēs Dasxuranc‘i (1961), The History of the Caucasian Albanians by Movsēs Dasxuranci, transl. by C. J. F. Dowsett, London.
Movsēs Xorenac‘i (1990), Istorija Armenii [The History of Armenia], Russian translation from Ancient Armenian, introduction and note by G. X. Sarkisjan, Erevan.
Nalbandjan, G. M. (1977), Armjanskie ličnye imena skifo-alano-osetinskogo proishoždenija, [Armenian Personal Names of the Scythian-Alanian-Ossetian Origin], in: Voprosy iranskoy i oбsheйfиlologii [Questions of Iranian and General Philology], Tbilisi: 206–215.
P‘awstos Buzand (1953), Istorija Armenii [The History of Armenia], translation from the ancient Armenian and commentaries by M. А. Gevorgyan, ed. by S. T. Eremyan, introductory article by L. S. Xač‘ikyan, Erevan.
Perevalov, S. M. (2006), Alanskiy nabeg 136 g. n.è. v strany zakavkaz’ja: problemnye voprosy [The Alanian Attack in 136 AD to the Countries of Transcaucasia: Problematic Issues], Antičnaja civilizacija i varvary [Ancient Civilization and the Barbarians], Moskva: 318–335.
Preud’homme, N. J. (2019), La stèle des victoires du piṭaḥš Śargas et la réaffirmation de la domination royale en Ibérie du Caucase, Camenulae 22: 1–20.
Semënov, I. G. (2002), Etnopolitičeskaja istorija Vostočnogo Kavkaza v III–VI vekah [Ethnopolitical History of the East Caucasus in th 3rd–6th Centuries], abstract of candidate of history dissertation, Mahačkala.
Semënov, I. G. (2007), Genealogiya kartlijiskih carej: ot Miriana III do Vahtanga Gorgasala [Genealogy of the Kartli Kings: From Mirian III to Vakhtang Gorgasal], Mahačkala.
Trever, K. V. (1959), Očerki po istorii i kul’ture Kavkazskoj Albanii. IV v. do n.è.–VII v. n.è., [Essays on the History and Culture of Caucasian Albania], Moskva–Leningrad.
Information: ELECTRUM, 2021, Volume 28, pp. 207 - 219
Article type: Original article
Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Science, Makhachkala, Russia
Published at: 02.07.2021
Article status: Open
Licence: CC BY-NC-ND
Percentage share of authors:
Article corrections:
-Publication languages:
EnglishView count: 1267
Number of downloads: 1567