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https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6419-9109

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Lazarski University, Świeradowska 43, 02-662 Warszawa, Poland

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Approver’s Procedural Position in English Criminal Trial Between the 12th and 16th Centuries

Paweł Złamańczuk

Cracow Studies of Constitutional and Legal History, Special Issue, English Version 2018, Special Issues, pp. 69-83

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844131KS.18.032.9120

The paper analyses the procedural position of the approver in the English criminal trial between the 12th and 16th centuries. The medieval prototype of King’s evidence was the approver – a self-confessed felon who accused his accomplices of complicity in his crime. He was required to prove the truth of his accusation, either in trial by battle or by verdict of the jury. In the late 15th century, approvers seem to have become increasingly uncommon. The 16th century saw the development of a practice which historians refer to as “appeachment”. Unlike approvement, appeachment did not involve trial by battle, nor did it require accomplices to be convicted.

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Pozycja procesowa approvera w angielskim procesie karnym od XII do XVI w.

Paweł Złamańczuk

Cracow Studies of Constitutional and Legal History, Volume, 9 Issue 4, Volume 9 (2016), pp. 509-524

https://doi.org/10.4467/20844131KS.16.026.6326

The paper analyzes the procedural position of an approver in English criminal trial between the 12th and 16th centuries. The medieval prototype of King’s evidence was the approver – a self-confessed felon who accused his accomplices for their involvement in his crime. He was required to prove the truth of his accusation, either in trial by battle or by verdict of the jury. In the later fifteenth century approvers seem to have become increasingly uncommon. During the sixteenth century developed the practice referred to by historians as appeachment. Unlike accusation by approver, appeachment did not involve trial by battle and nor did it require conviction of accomplices.

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