Małgorzata Żmuda
International Business and Global Economy, Volume 37, 2018, pp. 479-492
https://doi.org/10.4467/23539496IB.18.035.9408The competitiveness of a nation is associated with a set of characteristics that enable structural adjustments to global technological trends and improvement of living standards. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the competitiveness of Poland and Slovakia (in the EU since 2004) versus Bulgaria and Romania (in the EU since 2007) through the prism of their exports structure convergence to Germany, the strongest EU economy, in the years 2000–2014. The empirical analysis is based on Balassa’s [1965] concept of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and conducted in a dynamic perspective. We use the UN trade statistics in the International Trade Classification (SITC), Rev. 3, with the exported goods grouped along their factor-intensities, following the methodology developed by Wysokińska [1997]. Within the analysed period, the catching-up economies have, to some extent, evolved towards knowledge-based economies, but not all of them with the same intensity and for the same commodity groups. Their competitive position in the exports of low-tech goods (i.e., resource- and labour-intensive) has not changed. The hypothesis that countries most lagging behind Germany at the beginning of the analysed period have undergone the largest adjustment (exports specialization convergence) appears true only in the case of Romania.