Luis Javier Capote Pérez

This article seeks to introduce a brief description of the rules of protection of cultural heritage goods in the Spanish Law, using the example of a mediatic case of illicit trade, where the regulations of civil law, criminal law, and administrative law were applied and where the freedoms inherent in the right of ownership collided with the rules on properties of cultural interest. First, it provides an overview of the Spanish cultural heritage law, beginning with the constitutional mandate of assuming and promoting the protection of Spanish cultural heritage, and thereafter focusing on the concept of private ownership and its limits, in accordance with the social function of all property rights under the 1978 Spanish Constitution. Second, it describes a well-known case of illicit trade, focused on a valuable painting by Pablo Picasso. The work Cabeza de mujer joven (Head of a young woman) belonged to a private owner who decided to sell it internationally, using the services of a well-known auction house. When the required permission for exportation was denied by the Spanish public administration, the owner commenced a court proceeding aimed at changing the decision, but also planned to send the painting abroad using a yacht on his property. Thirdly, the article’s conclusion reflects on the level of severity of the Spanish legislation as applied in the case, in the context of the balance between cultural heritage protection and the freedom of disposition inherent to the right of property ownership.

This article offers a brief analysis of the public/private law divide in relation to the legal protection of cultural heritage in Spain. First, it provides an overview of the Spanish public law regime for the protection of historic and artistic heritage, comprising the list of categories of cultural goods. Second, the article endeavours to explain the impact of this public law regime on property rights. In particular, it explores and substantiates how and to what extent the general interest of the community in safeguarding and preserving cultural heritage, provided by public law regulations and enforced by public administration, may limit the property rights of private owners of cultural assets.