Kinga Kimic

The paper summarizes the genesis and development of garden exhibitions in the period from the  century to the present day. The role of individual gardens specialised to perform different functions is characterised. These concern the main values: educational – connected with the learning achievements of many gardening branches; commercial – connected with the development of trade; and social – connected with using rest places and adapting exhibition areas to public parks and gardens after their completion.

The paper summarizes an innovative water permeable pavements (consist of natural aggregates or natural aggregates joined by epoxy resin) and the possibilities of their application to public parks laid out in the 19th century. They were characterized in the context of conservation rules related to protection of historical values of parks and connected with the process of their adaptation to the new functions resulted from the increase of social needs. The evaluation of innovative pavements includes functional, technical, economic, aesthetic and environmental aspects.

The adaptation of old walls to provide green spaces is characteristic of the 19th century and is related to the process of the expansion of towns with fortified walls. In those times, green spaces were commonly established in place of demolished fortifications, thus becoming an inseparable element of the urban structure of the towns. Points which require further study include their origins and transformations, their characteristic form resulting from their location within towns, composition and major functions. The evaluation of old walls used as green spaces using a spatial and functional approach, and also with reference to their historical and cultural aspects, makes it possible to define their place and role in shaping of the landscapes of towns in the 19th century.