Brunon Hołyst

The aim of the article is to assess the effectiveness of the use of Gabor filters in the identification and classification of images depicting handwriting, in particular in the context of recognition of letters, numbers or whole words. The article presents an optoelectronic method of identifying the characteristics of handwriting images based on the Gabor wavelet transform. This method has not been published anywhere before, but it opens up new perspectives for the study of handwriting. The research problem was formulated: Does the use of Gabor filters allow for effective feature extraction from handwriting images, enabling accurate identification and classification of characters compared to other feature extraction methods? Accordingly to the research problem posed, a research hypothesis was formulated, which assumes that Gabor filters, thanks to their ability to detect local patterns in images (such as edges, textures and directional structures), are an effective method of extracting features in tasks related to the identification of handwriting images, surpassing other commonly used methods in terms of classification accuracy. In the article, the authors proposed a simple algorithm for recognizing images in the diffraction space for forensic purposes. The question remains, can this method be used in practice? In order to obtain an answer to the research problem and verify the research hypothesis, research methods such as analysis of both domestic and foreign literature, comparative analysis, as well as mathematical modeling were used.

Civic activity, i.e. voluntary action for the benefit of social interest, is regarded as the basis for the existence of civil society. Civic activity is expressed, among other things, in the giving of time, labor, energy, knowledge or money, that is, in the giving of one’s own resources for the benefit of others – for someone else’s benefit, but also for one’s own benefit. The type of activity in question is characterized by two properties. First, it is a purposeful activity, and it is based on the fact that man is a dynamic, acting being. Specific actions are directed toward something, and therefore are not a direct reaction resulting from the appearance of certain external factors, but are the result of a cognitive analysis of the situation. The type of activity in question refers to actions taken by an individual alone or together with others, with an intention aimed at the welfare of members of his own community. Every, even individually implemented action for the benefit of others contains a social context. Then “social” does not mean “group”, but “undertaken for the benefit of the community. The article examines in detail not only the essence of civic activity, also civic education, “civic organizations” and paying taxes.

The aim of the article is to analyze anti-victimization activities in relation to the social economy. In order to conduct the research, a research problem was formulated: How important is the area of issues related to victimization conditioned by socio-economic factors, concerns the issue of social exclusion on the basis of poverty. In accordance with the research problem, a research hypothesis has been formulated, which assumes that poverty is one of the most significant components conditioning the pathology of social life in the existential, institutional and political sense. Negative factors very often occur together (e.g. alcoholism and disability, low salary and illness, large number of children and unemployment), they are reinforced by mechanisms generating poverty in the macro social structure, which in its entirety creates the risk of falling into the so-called long-term poverty, in which the basic life orientation is the category of survival. Verification of the above hypothesis and obtaining answers to the above questions required the use of research methods, including a critical analysis of legal acts, documents and selected items of literature on the subject. The author points out that research in developing countries should contribute to improving the situation of people living there, i.e. serve to solve specific problems. It is pointed out that there are no specific, geographical problems of development. It is people, social groups that inhabit it and develop a specific natural environment, interacting with it in various ways, constantly encountering various problems related to its use and adaptation to the prevailing conditions. To sum up, the author states that an important area of issues related to victimization conditioned by socio-economic factors concerns the issue of social exclusion on the basis of poverty.