What Does Tel Shalem Have to Do with the Bar Kokhba Revolt?
cytuj
pobierz pliki
RIS BIB ENDNOTEChoose format
RIS BIB ENDNOTEWhat Does Tel Shalem Have to Do with the Bar Kokhba Revolt?
Publication date: 28.08.2013
Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia, 2013, Volume 11, pp. 79 - 96
https://doi.org/10.4467/20843925SJ.13.009.1305Authors
What Does Tel Shalem Have to Do with the Bar Kokhba Revolt?
In the research on the Bar Kokhba revolt (132-136 CE); one of the central subjects that were given prominent attention was the territorial extent of the second revolt. During all the years of research on this geographical question, two schools of thought were formed. One of them is that of the maximalists, who claim that the revolt spread through the entire Provincia Judaea and even beyond it into neighboring provinces such as Provincia Arabia in the south and Provincia Syria in the north. The second one is that of the minimalists, who restrict the revolt to the area of the Judaean hills and their immediate environs. The role of the Galilee region in the second revolt was discussed in great depth and centered on the question of whether the Galilee had taken part in the revolt. Since 1999, Professor Werner Eck of the University of Cologne focused on the power and range of this revolt from the Roman perspective. His general conclusion was that the second revolt was a central event in the history of the Roman Empire. Large military units participated in the event, which spread all over the province and even beyond. The rebels caused the Romans enormous casualties. They were forced to subdue the revolt savagely, causing the rebels massive losses. The revolt had a strong influence on the Roman Empire, and caused heavy damage to the Roman army that had immediate effects as well as long-term implications. His conclusions were based on a study of a variety of subjects including the archaeological discoveries from Tel Shalem, situated in the Beth Shean Valley, two kilometers south of Kibbutz Tirat Zvi and about 12 kilometers south of Scythopolis. The finds consisted of parts of a bronze statue and a head that was identified as that of the Roman emperor Hadrian, and a monumental inscription which had been inscribed in three lines on an arch that was 11 meters wide. According to W. Eck, these findings testify to the participation of the north, the Jordan Valley and the Galilee in the Second Revolt; and that the “Galilee felt the revolt more than has hitherto been conceded. A decisive battle may have been won here, not far from Caparcotna, the camp of the Second Legion in Judaea”(Eck 1999). This paper will re-examine the evidence from Tel Shalem, and other places in Galilee, mainly the findings from Kh. El-hamam in eastern Galilee, findings that were used to include the Galilee Region in the geographical expansion of the revolt. We will study anew the historical background for the erection of the Tel Shalem inscription, the various epigraphic interpretations, and other evidence and its implications for the study of the revolt. Our study will question some of the broadening assumptions of the revolt, and will leave out Galilee in general, and Tel Shalem in particular, from the geographical scope of the Bar Kokhba Revolt.
Adams, M.J. David, J., Tepper, Y. (2013): Legio. Excavations at the Camp of the Roman Sixth Legion in Israel, Biblical Archaeology Review 39.
Abramovich, A. (2011): Building and Construction Activities of the Legions in Roman Palestine 1st-4th Centuries CE, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Haifa, Dept. of Archaeology, Haifa ( in Hebrew).
Applebaum, S. (1989): Tineius Rufus and Julius Severus, in: S. Applebaum, Judaea in Hellenistic and Roman Times. Historical and Archaeological Essays, Leiden: 118-123.
Avi-Yonah, M. (1970-71): The Caesarea Porphyry Statue Found in Caesarea”, IEJ 20: 203-208 [= For an Hebrew version, see: Avi-Yonah, The Caesarea Porphyry Statue, Eretz Israel 10 (1970): 50-52].
Birley, A.R. (2003): Hadrian’s Travels, in: L. de Blois et al. (eds.), The Representation and Perception of Roman imperial Power. Proceedings of the Third Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Roman Empire c. 200 B.C.-A.D. 476), Rome, March 20-23, 2002, Amsterdam: 425-441.
Bowerscock, G.W. (1982): rev. of A. Spijkerman, The Coins of the Decapolis and Provincia Arabia, Jerusalem 1978, Journal of Roman Studies 72: 197-198.
Bowersock, G.W. (1983): Roman Arabia, Cambridge, Mass.
Bowersock, G.W. (2003): The Tel Shalem Arch and P. Nahal Heer/Seiyal 8, in: P. Schäfer (ed.), The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome, Tübingen: 171-180.
Cantineau, J. (1930): Inventaire des Inscriptions de Palmyre, Beyrouth.
Clermont-Ganneau, C. (1897): Études d’Archéologie orientale, vol. II, Paris.
Cornfled, G. (1962): Daniel to Paul: Jews in Conflict with Graeco-Roman Civilization, New York.
Cotton, H.M., Eck, W. (2001): Governors and their Personnel on Latin Inscriptions from Caesarea Maritima, Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, VII, 7: 215-238.
Cotton, H.M., Eck, W. (2006): Governors and their Personnel on Latin Inscriptions from Caesarea Maritima, Cathedra 122: 31-52 (Hebr.).
Cotton, H.M., Eck, W. (2009): An Imperial Arch in the Colonia Aelia Capitolina: A Fragment of a Latin Inscription in the Islamic Museum of the Haram as-Sharif, in: J. Geiger et al. (eds.), Israel’s Land. Papers Presented to Israel Shatzman on his Jubilee, Jerusalem: 97*-118*.
Di Segni, L.A. (1994): New Toponym in Southern Samaria, Liber Annuus 44: 579-584.
Di Segni, L.A. (2003): The Hadrianic Inscription from Southern Samaria, Liber Annuus 53: 335-340.
Di Segni, L. Arubas, B.Y. (2009): An Old-New Inscription from Beth Shean, in: L. Di Segni, Y. Hirschfeld, J. Patrich, R. Talgam (eds.), Man Near a Roman Arch: Studies Presented to Prof. Yoram Tsafrir, Jerusalem: 115*-124*.
Dunant, C. (1971): Le sanctuaire de Baalshmin a Palmyre, vol. III: Les inscriptions, Rome.
Eck, W. (1999): The Bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View, Journal of Roman Studies 89: 76-89.
Eck, W. (2001a): Ein Spiegel der Macht. Lateinische Inschriften römischer Zeit in Iudaea/Syria Palestina, ZDPV 117: 46-63.
Eck, W. (2001b): Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ), 28.12.2001, p. 45.
Eck, W. (2003a): The Language of Power: Latin in the Inscriptions of Iudaea/Syria Palestina, in: L.H. Schiffman (ed.), Semitic Papyrology in Context: A Climate of Creativity. Papers from a New York University conference marking the retirement of Baruch A. Levine, Leiden: 123-144.
Eck, W. (2003b): Hadrian, the Bar Kokhba Revolt, and the Epigraphic Transmission, in: P. Schäfer (ed.), Bar Kokhba Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome, Tübingen: 153-170.
Eck, W. (2005): Ehret den Kaiser. Bögen und Tore als Ehrenmonumente in der Provinz Iudaea, in: M. Perani (ed.), The Words of a Wise Man’s Mouth are Gracious (Qoh 10, 12). Festschrift for G. Stemberger on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, Berlin: 153-165.
Eck, W. (2007): Rom Herausfordern: Bar Kochba im Kampf Gegen das Imperium Romanum. Das Bild des Bar Kochba – Aufstandes im Spigel der Neuen Epigraphischen Uberlieferung, Roma.
Eck, W. (2011a): Latin Dedication to Hadrian by the Beneficarii of the Governor Tineius Rufus, in: CIIP II: 1121-2160, ad no.1276.
Eck, W. (2011b): Lucius Flavius Silva, Burger von Urbs Salvia und Eroberer von Masada (zu Picus 26, 2006, 45 ff.), Picus 31: 45-53.
Eck, W. (2012): Der Bar Kochba-Aufstand der Jahre 132-136 und seine Folgen für die Provinz Judaea/ Syria Palaestina, in: G. Urso (ed.), Iudaea Socia – Iudaea Capta, Atti del convegno internazionale Cividale del Friuli, 22-24 settembre 2011, Pisa: 249-265.
Eck, W., Cotton, H.M. (2012): CIIP, vol. I: Jerusalem, part 2, Berlin – New York: 20-22.
Eck W., Foerster, G. (1999): Ein Triumphbogen für Hadrian im Tal von Beth Shean bei Tel Shalem, Journal of Roman Archaeology 12: 294-313.
Eck, W., Tepper, Y. (2001): A Dedication to Silvanus near the Camp of the Legio VI Ferrata near Lajjun, Scripta Classica Israelica 20: 85-88.
Eshel, H. (1995): The Policy of Minting Coins during the Bar Kokhba in Light of the Findings from the Judaean Desert, Judaea and Samaria Research 5: 173-182 (Hebr.).
Eshel, H., Zissu, B., Barkai, G. (2009-2010): Sixteen Bar Kokhba Coins from Roman Sites in Europe, Israel Numismatic Journal 17: 91-97.
Foerster, G. (1977): Galilee on the Eve of the Bar-Kokhba Revolt – The Archeological Evidence, Cathedra 4: 77-80 (Hebr.).
Foerster, G. (1980): A Cuirassed Statue of Hadrian, Israel Museum Notes 16: 107*-110*.
Foerster, G. (1985): A Cuirassed Bronze Statue of Hadrian, Atiqot (English Version) 17: 139-157.
Foerster, G., Arubas, B., Mevorach, D. (2008): The Bronze Statue of the Emperor, the Hadrian Arch and the Legion Camp. Returning to Tel Shalem (Hebr.). See the following site: http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_heb.aspx?sec_id=17&sub_subj_id=493&id=136.
Gergel, R.A. (1991): The Tel Shalem Hadrian Reconsidered, American Journal of Archaeology 95: 231-251.
Gould, S. (1933): Inscriptions. I. The Triumphal Arch, in: The Excavations at Dura-Europos conducted by Yale University and the French Academy of Inscriptions and Letters, vol. IV, New Haven: 56-65.
Gould, S. (1936): Supplementary Inscriptions. I. An Addition to the Inscriptions of the Arch of Trajan, in: The Excavations at Dura-Europos conducted by Yale University and the French Academy of Inscriptions and Letters, vol. VI, New Haven: 480-482.
Grüll, T. (2005): Fragment of a Monumental Roman Inscription at the Islamic Museum of the Haram as-Sharif (Temple Mount), Jerusalem, American Schools of Oriental Research Newsletter 55: 16-17.
Grüll, T. (2006): A fragment of a monumental Roman inscription at the Islamic Museum of the Haram ash-Sharif, Jerusalem, Israel Exploration Journal 56: 183-200.
Halfmann, H. (1986): Itinera Principum. Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im Römischen Reich, Stuttgart.
Hekker, M. (1961): The Roman Road of Legio-Sepphoris, Yediot 25: 175-186 (Hebr.).
Herr, M.D. (1977), The Participation of the Galilee in the War of Qitos, and in the Bar Kosba Revolt, Cathedra 4: 67-73 (Hebr.).
Hill, G.F. (1914): A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum: Palestine, London.
Holum, K. (1992): Hadrian and Casarea, An Episode in the Romanization of Palestine, Ancient World 23: 51-61.
Isaac, B., Roll, I. (1979a): Judaea in the Early Years of Hadrian’s Reign, Latomus 38: 54-66.
Isaac, B., Roll, I. (1979b): Legio II Traiana in Judaea, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 33: 149-156.
Isaac, B., Roll, I. (1982a): Legio II Traiana in Judaea: A Reply, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 47: 131-132.
Isaac, B., Roll, I. (1982b): Roman Roads in Judaea, Vol. 1: The Legio-Scythopolis Road, Oxford.
Isaac, B., Roll, I. (2004): Judaea in the Early Years of Hadrian’s Reign, Nofim 13-14: 41-54 (Hebr.).
Isaac, B. (1998): The Near East under Roman Rule. Selected Papers, Leiden.
Lehmann, C.M., Holum, K. (2000): The Greek and Latin Inscription of Caesarea Maritima, Boston.
Leibner, U. (2009a): Settlement and History in Hellenistic Roman and Byzantine Galilee: An Archeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee, Tübingen.
Leibner, U. (2009b): Kh. Wadi Hamam: A Village and a Synagogue from the Roman Period in Galilee, Qadmoniot 139: 32-40 (Hebr.).
Leibner, U. (2011): Excavations at Khirbet Wadi Hamam (Lower Galilee): The Synagogue and the Settlement, Journal of Roman Archaeology 23: 225-226.
Lewis, N. (ed.) (1989): The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters. Greek Papyri, Jerusalem.
Magness, J. (2011): Aelia Capitolina: A review of some current debates about Hadrianic Jerusalem, in: K. Galor, G. Avni (eds.), Unearthing Jerusalem; 150 Years of Archaeological Research in the Holy City, Winona Lake, IN: 313-324.
Mattingly, H. (1936): Coins of Roman Empire in the British Museum, Vol. 3: Nerva to Hadrian, London.
Mattingly, H., Sydenhman, E.A. (1926): Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. 2: Vespasian to Hadrian, London.
Mazor G., Najjar, A. (2007): Beth She’an 1: Nysa-Scythopolis. The Caesareun and the Odeum, Jerusalem.
Mildenberg, L. (1984): The Coinage of the Bar Kokhba War, Aarau.
Mor, M. (1991): The Bar Kokhba Revolt, Its Extent and Effect, Jerusalem.
Mor, M. (2003): The Geographical Scope of the Bar Kokhba Revolt, in: P. Schäfer (ed.), The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome, Tübingen: 107-131.
Oppenheimer, A. (1977): The Jewish Community in Galilee during the Period of Yavneh and the Bar Kokhba Revolt, Cathedra 4: 53-66, 82-83 (Hebr.).
Oppenheimer, A. (2005): Die jüdische Bewohnerschaft Galiläas zur Zeit von Jawne und während des Bar – kochba-Aufstands, in: A. Oppenheimer, Between Rome and Babylon. Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society, Tübingen: 225-242.
Osgood, J. (2011): Claudius Caesar. Image and Power in the Early Roman Empire, Cambridge.
Peleg, Y. (1989): Caesarea’s water supply system, in: D. Amit, Y. Hirschfeld, J. Patrich (eds.), The Aqueducts of Ancient Palestine. Research Collection, Jerusalem: 115-122 (Hebr.).
Peleg, Y. (1990): The Storage Lake of the Low Level Aqueduct to Caesarea, Cathedra 56: 19-32 (Hebr.).
Peleg, Y. (2002): The Dams of Caesarea’s Low Level Aqueduct, in: D. Amit, J. Patrich, Y. Hirschfeld (eds.), The Aqueducts of Israel, Portsmouth, RI: 141-148.
Roll, I. (1976): The Roman Road System in the Land of Israel, Qadmoniot 9: 38-50 (Hebr.).
Roll, I. (1996): Roman Roads to Caesarea Maritima, in: A. Raban, K.G. Holum (eds.), Caesarea Maritima: A Retrospective after Two Millennia, Leiden.
Roll, I. (1999): The Roads in Roman-Byzantine Palaestina and Arabia, in: E. Alliata, M. Piccirillo (eds.), The Madaba Map Centenary, 1897-1997: Traveling through the Byzantine Umayyad Period. Proceedings of the International Conference held in Amman, 7-9 April 1997, Jerusalem: 109-113.
Roll, I. (2011): Roman Roads to Caesarea Maritima, in: E. Ayalon, A. Izdarechet (eds.), Caesarea Treasures: Summaries and Research on Caesarea and its Vicinity Submitted in honor of Josef Porath, vol. 1, Jerusalem: 239-256 (Hebr.).
Roll, I. Ayalon, E. (1986/87): Main Highways in the Sharon in the Roman and Byzantine Archaeological Periods, Israel – Am ve-Aretz 4/22: 156-157.
Roll, I., Ayalon, E. (1986): Roads in Western Samaria, PEQ 118: 113-134.
Rea, J. (1980): Legio II Traiana in Judaea, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 38: 220-221. Spijkerman, A. (1978): The Coins of the Decapolis and provincial Arabia, Jerusalem.
Tsafrir, Y., Forester, G. (1992): From Byzantine Scythopolis to Arab Baysan – Changing Urban Concept, Cathedra 64: 3-30 (Hebr.).
Tsafrir, Y., Forester, G. (1997): Urbanism at Scythopolis – Bet Shean in the Fourth to the Seventh Centuries, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 51: 85-146.
Tepper, Y. (2004): Roman Roads in the ‘Airon Pass’: Paving Remains from Caesarea to the Sixth Legion camp in Legio, in: Y. Bar Gal, N. Kliot, A. Peld (eds.), Researches in the Land of Israel, Aviel Ron’s Book, Haifa: 47-82 (Hebr.).
Tepper, Y. (2007): The Roman legionary camp at Legio, Israel: Results of an archaeological survey and observations on the Roman military presence at the site, in: A.S. Lewin, P. Pellegrini (eds.), The Late Roman Army in the Near East from Diocletian to the Arab Conquest. Proceedings of a Colloquium Held at Potenza, Acerenza and Matera, Italy (May 2005), Oxford: 57-71.
Tepper, Y. (2011): 19 Miles from… Roman road from Legio to Caesarea via Ramat Menasche, in: E. Ayalon, A. Izdarechet (eds.), Caesarea Treasures: Summaries and Research on Caesarea and its Vicinity Submitted in honor of Josef Porath, vol. 1, Jerusalem: 257-274 (Hebr.).
Tracy, S. (1998): An Imperial Inscription from Petra, in: M. Joukowsky (ed.), Petra Great Temple, vol. I, Brown University Excavations 1993-1997, Providence: 370-375.
Tracy, S. (1999): The dedicatory inscription to Trajan at the ‘metropolis’ of Petra, in: J.H. Humphery (ed.), The Roman and Byzantine Near East, vol. II: Some Recent Archaeological Research, Portsmouth, RI: 51-58.
Tzori, N. (1971): An Inscription of the Legio VI Ferrata from the Northern Jordan Valley, Israel Exploration Journal 21: 53-54.
Welles, G.B. (1938): The Inscriptions, in: C.H. Kraeling, Gerasa, City of the Decapolis, New Haven.
Information: Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia, 2013, Volume 11, pp. 79 - 96
Article type: Original article
Titles:
What Does Tel Shalem Have to Do with the Bar Kokhba Revolt?
What Does Tel Shalem Have to Do with the Bar Kokhba Revolt?
University of Haifa / University of Denver
Published at: 28.08.2013
Article status: Open
Licence: None
Percentage share of authors:
Article corrections:
-Publication languages:
EnglishView count: 4347
Number of downloads: 2961