FAQ

Economic Diplomacy and Human Rights: In search of a Democratic Framework

Publication date: 30.12.2022

Public Administration Yearbook, 2022, 2022 (8), pp. 443 - 463

https://doi.org/10.4467/24497800RAP.22.023.16799

Authors

Andreas Papastamou
Department of Social Policy, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
All publications →

Titles

Economic Diplomacy and Human Rights: In search of a Democratic Framework

Abstract

Current challenges of economic diplomacy make even more urgent the need for strong human rights legislation, involving not only democratically elected governments but also non-state actors such as civil society, local authorities (mega cities outnumber many countries), businesses, and universities. The paper focuses on three problems of the delicate relationship of economic diplomacy with the protection of human rights:
– the new shift in economic and commercial power from the Northwestern developed countries to Southeastern emerging economies with serious deficits in the functioning of democratic institutions, but with a rapidly emerging middle class, with serious ambitions for change (in a positive or negative direction),
– the “energy security”, as the Russian military intervention in Ukraine, revealed,
– and economic sanctions, since poor design and implementation of sanctions policies often mean that they fall short of their desired effects, endangering human rights.
How, then, could the exercise of modern economic diplomacy (promoting exports and investment abroad, attracting FDIs, aid and trade negotiations, but also strengthening the functioning of other civil society actors), not only helps protect human rights but also be an opportunity for high strategic scope and great social value? Applying human rights’ evaluation criteria of economic diplomacy, with the help of policy experience and technology, should concern societies in democracies. The research results can be taken into consideration by policymakers to create an appropriate economic diplomacy framework shaped by European democratic values and respect for human rights.

Keywords: Economic Diplomacy, Shift of Economic Power, Energy Security, Economic Sanctions, Human Rights


Dyplomacja ekonomiczna i prawa człowieka: w poszukiwaniu demokratycznych rozwiązań

Obecne wyzwania dyplomacji ekonomicznej czynią jeszcze bardziej pilną potrzebę opra- cowania skutecznych regulacji w zakresie praw człowieka, angażujących nie tylko demo- kratycznie wybrane rządy, ale także podmioty spoza struktury organów państwa, takie jak społeczeństwo obywatelskie, władze lokalne (metropolie wyprzedzają w tym zakresie wiele państw), przedsiębiorstwa czy uczelnie. W artykule skupiono się na trzech problemach dotyczących wrażliwych związków dyplomacji gospodarczej z ochroną praw człowieka:
– nowym przesunięciu siły ekonomicznej i handlowej z północno-zachodnich krajów rozwiniętych na południowo-wschodnie gospodarki wschodzące, z poważnymi deficytami w funkcjonowaniu instytucji demokratycznych, ale z szybko powstającą klasą średnią, z poważnymi ambicjami do zmian (w pozytywnym i negatywnym kierunku),
– „bezpieczeństwie energetycznym”, co uwidoczniła rosyjska zbrojna interwencja na Ukrainie,
– sankcjach gospodarczych, niewłaściwe zaprojektowanie i wdrożenie polityki sankcji często bowiem oznacza, że nie przynoszą one pożądanych rezultatów, stwarzają natomiast zagrożenie dla praw człowieka. 
Jak zatem prowadzenie nowoczesnej dyplomacji ekonomicznej (promowanie eksportu i inwestycji za granicą, pozyskiwanie BIZ, negocjacje pomocowe i handlowe, ale także wspieranie funkcjonowania innych podmiotów społeczeństwa obywatelskiego) może nie tylko pomóc w ochronie praw człowieka, ale także być szansą o dużym zasięgu strategicznym i wielkiej wartości społecznej? Zastosowanie kryteriów oceny praw człowieka w dyplomacji ekonomicznej, przy pomocy rozwiązań wynikających z doświadczeń polityki i technologii, powinno być przedmiotem zainteresowania społeczeństw w systemach demokratycznych. Wyniki badań będą mogły być wzięte pod uwagę przez decydentów politycznych, dążących do stworzenia odpowiednich zasad dyplomacji ekonomicznej kształtowanych przez demokratyczne wartości europejskie i respektowanie praw człowieka.

References

Alerassool, M. Freezing Assets: The USA and the Most Effective Economic Sanction. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993.

Amnesty International India & Amnesty International South Africa. BRICS: Nations must put human rights first. Joint Statement Release, 10th BRICS Summit Johannesburg, 25 July 2018.

Bailey, S.D. The UN Security Council and Human Rights. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994.

Bayne, N. The economic diplomacy of sovereign debt crises: Latin America and the eurozone compared. International Journal of Diplomacy and Economy, 2012, 1(1): 4–18.

Bossuyt, M. The Adverse Consequences of Economic Sanctions. UN Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 52nd Session, 21 June, E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/33, 2000.

Clinton, H. Economic Statecraft. US Department of State, 2011, Available at: http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/10/175552.htm

Collins, A. Security in Southeast Asia: Domestic, Regional and Global Issues. Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 2003.

Council of Europe. Legal Protection of Human Rights, 2022, https://www.coe.int/en/web/compass/legal-protection-of-human-rights

Dent, C. Singapore’s foreign economic policy: the pursuit of economic security, Con- temporary Southeast Asia, 2001, 23(1): 1–23.

Doxey, M. International sanctions in theory and practice. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 1983, 15: 273.

European Parliament. Resolution on the challenges and prospects for multilateral weapons of mass destruction arms control and disarmament regimes, 15 December 2021, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2021-12-15_EN.html#sdocta7

Gertz, G. & Kharas, H. The New Global Middle Class: A Cross-Over from West to East. https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-new-global-middle-class-a-cross-over-from-west-to-east/


Hufbauer, G.C., Schott, J.J. & Elliott, K.A. Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3rd Edition (paper). Peterson Institute Press: All Books, Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2009, number 4129, October.

Kahler, M. Economic Security in an Era of Globalization, 2005, [online] irpc.ucsd.edu/assets/014/6745.pdf

Kelley, J.R. The New Diplomacy: Evolution of a Revolution, Diplomacy & Statecraft, 2010, 21(2): 286–305.

Langhorne, R. The Diplomacy of Non-State Actors, Diplomacy & Statecraft, 2005, 16(2): 331–339.

Lee, S. “Power Shift, Power Diffusion, and Middle Power Diplomacy: MIKTA and Changes in Global Governance”. In: Lee, S., Kim, S. (eds) Korea’s Middle Power Diplomacy. The Political Economy of the Asia Pacific. Springer, Cham., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76012-0_7

LeoGrande, W.M. A Policy Long Past Its Expiration Date: US Economic Sanctions Against Cuba. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 2015, 82(4): 939–966.

MacDonald K. & Woolcock S. ‘Non-state actors in economic diplomacy’, in N. Bayne &S. Woolcock(Eds.) The New Economic Diplomacy: Decision-Making and Negotiation in International Economic Relations, 2nd ed., pp.63–76, Ashgate, Aldershot, 2007.

Manley, J. The future of North America: seeking a roadmap. International Journal, 2007, Spring, LX(2): 497–508.

Mashru, R. A reformed role model – India, a reluctant rights promoter. Open Democracy. Open Global Rights. 2013, 19 July, available at: http://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/ram-mashru/reformed-role-model-india-reluctant-rights-promoter

Masters, J. What are economic sanctions? Council on Foreign Relations, 2019, 12 Au- gust, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-are-economic-sanctions

Mudida, R. Emerging trends and concerns in the economic diplomacy of African states. International Journal of Diplomacy and Economy, 2012, 1(1): 95–109.

Münchau, V. Are sanctions making Russia richer? The Spectator, 2022, 28 May, https:// www.spectator.co.uk/article/are-sanctions-making-russia-richer

Murray, S. Consolidating the Gains Made in Diplomacy Studies: A Taxonomy. Inter- national Studies Perspectives, 2008, 9(1): 22–39.

Nabilou, H. How to regulate bitcoin? Decentralized regulation for a decentralized cryptocurrency. International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 2019, 27(3): 266–291.

Nahrstedt, J. US economic sanctions on Cuba: An analysis of the reasons for their maintenance. Working Paper No. 162/2021. Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin, Institute for International Political Economy (IPE), Berlin.

Petrasek, D. Human Rights Diplomacy in the 21st century: New Powers, New Approaches? International Journal on Human Rights, 2013, 19.

Portela, C. European Union Sanctions and Foreign Policy. When and Why do they Work? Routledge, 2011.

Prakash, A. Misplaced priorities? Global leadership and India’s domestic neglect of humanrights. Open Democracy. Open Global Rights, 2013, 9 July, http://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/aseem-prakash/misplaced-priorities-global-leadership-and-india’s-domestic-neglect-o

Ramcharan, B.(2004).Human rights and human security (Les droits de l'homme et la sécurité humaine). Disarmament forum, No. 1, 2004: [39]-47, Forum du désarmement, 2004, No 1: [41]-5, https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Ramcharan.pdf

Roth, K. & Hicks, P. Encouraging stronger engagement by emerging powers on human rights. Open Democracy. Open Global Rights, 2013, 20 June, http://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/kenneth-roth-peggy-hicks/encouraging-stronger-engagement-by-emerging-powers-on-huma

Shetty, S. Challenges and opportunities in a changing world. Open Democracy. Open Global Rights. 2013, 17 June, http://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/salil-hetty/challenges-and-opportunities-in-changing-world

Simmons, B.A. Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Smith, F. &Naim, M. Altered States: Globalization, Sovereignty, and Governance. International Development Research Center, IDRC, Ottawa, 2000.

Sovacool, B. et al. Energy Decisions Reframed as Justice and Ethical Concerns. Nature Energy, 2016, 1(4).

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. SIPRI Arms Transfers Database, 2022, available at: https://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers

Stulic, L. Arms Export to Developing Countries: Making the Critical Appraisal: A qualitative comparative case study on the connection between arms export to developing countries and the level of development in the receiving country. (Dissertation), 2022, http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-476695

Swanson, S. & Economides, C. Transatlantic Trade: the US and Europe. National Law Review, XII (171), 2022, 31 May.

Tickner J.A. ‘Revisioning security’, in Booth, K. and Smith, S. (Eds.) International Relations Theory Today, pp.175–197, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995.

Turvey, R.A. Economic diplomacy and security: linkages, trends, and changes. International Journal of Diplomacy and Economy, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2014, 2(1/2): 4–22.

United Nations. Report of Committee for Development Policy, Report on the First Session, UN Economic and Social Council, New York, 1999, 26–30 April.

United Nations. Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights. Comprehensive Examination of Thematic Issues relating to Racial Discrimination. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/SR.25, § 37, 2000.

Van Begeijk, P. & Moons, S. Economic diplomacy, and economic security. New Frontiers for Economic Diplomacy, 2009, 37–54.

White House. Fact Sheet: Export Controls and Human Rights Initiative Launched at the Summit for Democracy. The statement, 2021, 10 December, available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/12/10/fact-sheet-export-controls-and-human-rights-initiative-launched-at-the-summit-for-democracy/

World Trade Organization. WTO members review UK-Turkey, UK-Singapore, and reements, 2022, 22 March, available at: https://www.wtoish/news_e/news22_e/rta_29mar22_e.htm

Information

Information: Public Administration Yearbook, 2022, 2022 (8), pp. 443 - 463

Article type: Original article

Titles:

Polish:

Economic Diplomacy and Human Rights: In search of a Democratic Framework

English:

Economic Diplomacy and Human Rights: In search of a Democratic Framework

Authors

Department of Social Policy, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece

Published at: 30.12.2022

Article status: Open

Licence: CC BY-NC-ND  licence icon

Percentage share of authors:

Andreas Papastamou (Author) - 100%

Article corrections:

-

Publication languages:

English