Dirty Tricks in the Plankton: Diversity and Role of Marine Parasitic Protists
cytuj
pobierz pliki
RIS BIB ENDNOTEChoose format
RIS BIB ENDNOTEDirty Tricks in the Plankton: Diversity and Role of Marine Parasitic Protists
Publication date: 2014
Acta Protozoologica, 2014, Volume 53, Issue 1, pp. 51 - 62
https://doi.org/10.4467/16890027AP.14.006.1443Authors
Dirty Tricks in the Plankton: Diversity and Role of Marine Parasitic Protists
Parasitism is an immensely successful mode of nutrition and parasitic organisms are abundant in most ecosystems. This is also the case for marine planktonic ecosystems in which a large variety of parasitic species are known. Most of these parasites are protists and they infect a wide range of hosts from the marine plankton, ranging from other protists to larger planktonic invertebrates. Parasites often have morphologies and life cycles that are highly specialized as compared to their free-living relatives. However, this does not mean that parasites are necessarily odd or rare phenomena; on the contrary parasites constitute numerically and ecologically important components of the ecosystem. This review gives an overview of the existing knowledge on the diversity and occurrence of parasitic protists in the marine plankton and examines the available information on the potential effects and role of parasitism in this ecosystem. Importance is given to the fact that prevalence and impact of parasitic organisms in marine planktonic systems appear to be overwhelmingly understudied.
Adl S. M., Simpson A. G. B., Farmer M. A., Andersen R. A., Anderson O. R., Barta J. R., Bowser S. S., Brugerolle G. U. Y., Fensome R. A., Fredericq S., James T. Y., Karpov S., Kugrens P., Krug J., Lane C. E., Lewis L. A., Lodge J., Lynn D. H., Mann D. G., McCourt R. M., Mendoza L., Moestrup Ø., Mozley-Standridge S. E., Nerad T. A., Shearer C. A., Smirnov A. V., Spiegel F. W., Taylor M. F. J. R. (2005) The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 52: 399–451
Albaina A., Irigoien X. (2006) Fecundity limitation of Calanus helgolandicus, by the parasite Ellobiopsis sp. J. Plankton Res. 28: 413–418
Alves-de-Souza C., Cornet C., Nowaczyk A., Gasparini S., Skovgaard A., Guillou L. (2011) Blastodinium spp. infect copepods in the ultra-oligotrophic marine waters of the Mediterranean Sea. Biogeosciences 8: 2125–2136
Anderson R. M., May R. M. (1978) Regulation and stability of host-parasite population interactions: 1. Regulatory processes. J. Anim. Ecol. 47: 219–247
Anderson R. O. (2014) Living together in the plankton: A survey of marine protist symbioses. Acta Protozool. 53: 29–38
Apstein B. (1911) Parasiten von Calanus finmarchicus. Wiss. Meeresunters. Abt. Kiel 19: 206–223
Audemard C., Le Roux F., Barnaud A., Collins C., Sautour B., Sauriau P. G., de Montaudouin X., Coustau C., Combes C., Berthe F. (2002) Needle in a haystack: Involvement of the copepod Paracartia grani, in the life-cycle of the oyster pathogen Marteilia refringens. Parasitology 124: 315–323
Azam F., Fenchel T., Field J. G., Gray J. S., Meyerreil L. A., Thingstad F. (1983) The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 10: 257–263
Bachy C., Dolan J. R., López-García P., Deschamps P., Moreira D. (2013) Accuracy of protist diversity assessments: Morphology compared with cloning and direct pyrosequencing of 18S rRNA genes and ITS regions using the conspicuous tintinnid ciliates as a case study. ISME J. 7: 244–255
Berthe F. C. J., Pernas M., Zerabib M., Haffner P., Thébault A., Figueras A. J. (1998) Experimental transmission of Marteilia refringens with special consideration of its life cycle. Dis. Aquat. Org. 34: 135–144
Boschma H. (1959) Ellobiopsidae from Tropical West Africa. Atlantide Report 5: 145–175
Bradbury P. C. (1994) Ciliates of Fish. In: Parasitic Protozoa, (Ed. J. P. Kreier). Academic Press, San Diego, 81–138
Bråte J., Logares R., Berney C., Ree D. K., Klaveness D., Jakobsen K. S., Shalchian-Tabrizi K. (2010) Freshwater Perkinsea and marine-freshwater colonizations revealed by pyrosequencing and phylogeny of environmental rDNA. ISME J. 4: 1144–1153
Bridgeman T. B., Messick G., Vanderploeg H. A. (2000) Sudden appearance of cysts and ellobiopsid parasites on zooplankton in a Michigan lake: A potential explanation of tumor-like anomalies. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57: 1539–1544
Burns C. W. (1989) Parasitic regulation in a population of Boeckella hamata Brehm (Copepoda: Calanoida). Freshwater Biol. 21: 421–426
Cachon J. (1964) Contribution a l’étude des Péridiniens parasites. Cytologie. Cycles évolutifs. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. 12: 1–158
Cachon J., Cachon M. (1968a) Cytologie et cycle évolutif des Chytriodinium (Chatton). Protistologica 4: 249–262
Cachon J., Cachon M. (1968b) Filodinium hovassei nov. gen. nov. sp., péridinien phoretique. Protistologica 4: 15–18
Cachon J., Cachon M., Bouquaheux F. (1969) Myxodinium pipiens gen. nov., sp. nov., péridinien parasite d’Halosphaera. Phycologia 8: 157–164
Cachon J., Cachon M. (1973) Les Apodinidae Chatton révision systématique rapports hôte-parasite et métabolisme. Protistologica 9: 17–33
Capriulo G. M., Pedone M. J., Small E. B. (1991) High apostome ciliate endoparasite infection rates found in the Bering Sea euphausiid Thysanoessa inermis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 72: 203–204
Carrasco N., Arzul I., Chollet B., Robert M., Joly J. P., Furones M. D., Berthe F. C. J. (2008) Comparative experimental infection of the copepod Paracartia grani with Marteilia refringens and Marteilia maurini. J. Fish Dis. 31: 497–504
Cavalier-Smith T. (1993) Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla. Microbiol. Rev. 57: 953–994
Cépède C. (1910) Recherches sur les infusoires Astomes: Anatomie, biologie, éthologie parasitaire, systématique Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 3: 341–609
Chambouvet A., Morin P., Marie D., Guillou L. (2008) Control of toxic marine dinoflagellate blooms by serial parasitic killers. Science 322: 1254–1257
Chatton É. (1910a) Paradinium poucheti, n. g., n. sp., flagellé parasite d’Acartia clausi Giesbrecht (Copépode pélagique) (Note préliminaire). C. R. Soc. Biol. 69: 341–343
Chatton É. (1910b) Sur l’existence de Dinoflagellés parasites coelomiques. Les Syndinium chez les Copépodes pélagiques. C. R. Acad. Sci. 150: 654–656
Chatton É. (1912) Diagnoses préliminare de Péridiniens parasites nouveaux. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 37: 85–93
Chatton É. (1920) Les Péridiniens parasites: Morphologie, reproduction, éthologie. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 59: 1–475
Chatton É., Hovasse R. (1937) Actinodinium apsteini, n. g., n. sp., péridinien parasite entérocoelomique des Acartia (Copépodes). Protistologica 70: 24–29
Coats D. W. (1999) Parasitic life styles of marine dinoflagellates. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 46: 402–409
Coats D. W., Heisler J. J. (1989) Spatial and temporal occurrence of the parasitic dinoflagellate Duboscquella cachoni and its tintinnine host Eutintinnus pectinis in Chesapeake Bay. Mar. Biol. 101: 401–409
Coats D. W., Adam E. J., Gallegos C. L., Hedrick S. (1996) Parasitism of photosynthetic dinoflagellates in a shallow subestuary of Chesapeake Bay, USA. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 11: 1–9
Coats D. W., Park M. G. (2002) Parasitism of photosynthetic dinoflagellates by three strains of Amoebophrya (Dinophyta): Parasite survival, infectivity, generation time, and host specificity. J. Phycol. 38: 520–528
Coats D. W., Kim S., Bachvaroff T. R., Handy S. M., Delwiche C. F. (2010) Tintinnophagus acutus n. g., n. sp. (Phylum Dinoflagellata), an ectoparasite of the ciliate Tintinnopsis cylindrica Daday 1887, and its relationship to Duboscquodinium collini Grassé 1952. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 57: 468–482
Coats D. W., Bachvaroff T. R., Delwiche C. F. (2012) Revision of the family Duboscquellidae with description of Euduboscquella crenulata n. gen., n. sp (Dinoflagellata, Syndinea), an intracellular parasite of the ciliate Favella panamensis Kofoid & Campbell, 1929. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 59: 1–11
Coats D. W., Bachvaroff T. R. (2013) Parasites of Tintinnids. In: The Biology and Ecology of Tintinnid Ciliates (Eds. J. R. Dolan, D. J. S. Montagnes, A. S. D. W. Coats, D. K. Stoecker). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 145–170
de Meeûs T., Renaud F. (2002) Parasites within the new phylogeny of eukaryotes. Trends Parasitol. 18: 247–251
de Saedeleer H. (1946) Palisporomonas apodinium, n. g., n. sp., flagellé parasite épibiotique de diatomées marines, type de la famille de Palisporomonadidae nov. fam. Morphologie et palisporogénèse. Ann. Soc. R. Zool. Belg. 77: 57–165
Decaestecker E., Declerck S., Meester L., Ebert D. (2005) Ecological implications of parasites in natural Daphnia populations. Oecologia 144: 382–390
Dick M. W. (2001) Straminipilous Fungi. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Dolven J. K., Lindqvist C., Albert V. A., Bjørklund K. R., Yuasa T., Takahashi O., Mayama S. (2007) Molecular diversity of alveolates associated with neritic North Atlantic radiolarians. Protist 158: 65–76
Drebes G. (1966) Ein parasitischer Phycomycet (Lagenidiales) in Coscinodiscus. Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters. 13: 426–435
Drebes G. (1968) Lagenisma coscinodisci gen. nov., spec. nov., ein Vertreter der Lagenidiales in der marinen Diatomee Coscinodiscus. Veröff. Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremerh. Sonderb. 3: 67–70
Drebes G. (1969) Dissodinium pseudocalani sp. nov., a parasitic dinoflagellate on copepod eggs. Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters. 19: 58–&
Drebes G. (1974) Marines Phytoplankton. Eine Auswahl der Helgoländer Planktonalgen (Diatomeen Peridineen). Thiema, Stuttgart
Drebes G. (1988) Syltodinium listii gen. et spec. nov., a marine ectoparasitic dinoflagellate on eggs of copepods and rotifers. Helgoländer Meeresunters. 42: 583–591
Drebes G., Schnepf E. (1988) Paulsenella Chatton (Dinophyta), ectoparasites of marine diatoms: development and taxonomy. Helgoländer Meeresunters. 42: 563–581
Drebes G., Kühn S. F., Gmelch A., Schnepf E. (1996) Cryothecomonas aestivalis sp. nov., a colourless nanoflagellate feeding on the marine centric diatom Guinardia delicatula (Cleve) Hasle. Helgoländer Meeresunters. 50: 497–515
Ebert D. (2008) Host-parasite coevolution: Insights from the Daphnia-parasite model system. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 11: 290–301
Elbrächter M. (1988) Life cycle of Schizochytriodinium calani nov. gen. nov. spec., a dinoflagellate parasitizing copepod eggs. Helgoländer Meeresunters. 42: 593–599
Elbrächter M., Schnepf E. (1998) Parasites of harmful algae. In: Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms (Eds. D. M. Anderson, A. D. Cembella, G. M. Hallegraeff). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 351–369
Estes A. M., Reynolds B. S., Moss A. G. (1997) Trichodina ctenophorii n. sp., a novel symbiont of ctenophores of the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 44: 420–426
Fensome R. A., Taylor F. J. R., Norris G., Sarjeant W. A. S., Wharton D. I., Williams G. L. (1993) A classicifation of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Sheridan Press, Hanover, Pennsylvania, USA
Figueroa R. I., Garcés E., Massana R., Camp J. (2008) Description, host-specificity, and strain selectivity of the dinoflagellate parasite Parvilucifera sinerae sp. nov. (Perkinsozoa). Protist 159: 563–578
Gaines G., Elbrächter M. (1987) Heterotrophic nutrition. In: Biology of Dinoflagellates (Ed. F. J. R. Taylor). Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, 224–268
Gast R. J. (2006) Molecular phylogeny of a potentially parasitic dinoflagellate isolated from the solitary radiolarian, Thalassicolla nucleata. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 53: 43–45
Gisselson L.-Å., Carlsson P., Granéli E., Pallon J. (2002) Dinophysis blooms in the deep euphotic zone of the Baltic Sea: Do they grow in the dark? Harmful Algae 1: 401–418
Gobillard M.-O. (1964) Cephaloidophora petiti sp. n., Grégarine parasite de Copépodes pélagiques de la région de Banyuls (note préliminaire). Vie et Milieu Suppl. 17: 107–113
Gómez F. (2007) The consortium of the protozoan Solenicola setigera and the diatom Leptocylindrus mediterraneus in the Pacific Ocean. Acta Protozool. 46: 15–24
Gómez F. (2014) Problematic biases in the availability of molecular markers in protists: The example of the dinoflagellates. Acta Protozool. 53: 63–75
Gómez F., Moreira D., López-García P. (2009) Life cycle and molecular phylogeny of the dinoflagellates Chytriodinium and Dissodinium, ectoparasites of copepod eggs. Eur. J. Protistol. 45: 11–11
Gómez F., Moreira D., Benzerara K., López-García P. (2011) Solenicola setigera is the first characterized member of the abundant and cosmopolitan uncultured marine stramenopile group MAST-3. Environ. Microbiol. 13: 193–202
Gómez-Gutiérrez J., Peterson W. T., De Robertis A., Brodeur R. D. (2003) Mass mortality of krill caused by parasitoid ciliates. Science 301: 339–339
Gómez-Gutiérrez J., Peterson W. T., Morado J. F. (2006) Discovery of a ciliate parasitoid of euphausiids off Oregon, USA: Collinia oregonensis n. sp. (Apostomatida: Colliniidae). Dis. Aquat. Org. 71: 33–49
Gómez-Gutiérrez J., Strüder-Kypke M. C., Lynn D. H., Shaw T. C., Aguilar-Méndez M. J., López-Córtes A., Martínez-Gómez S., Robinson C. J. (2012) Pseudocollinia brintoni gen. nov., sp. nov. (Apostomatida: Colliniidae), a parasitoid ciliate infecting the euphausiid Nyctiphanes simplex. Dis. Aquat. Org. 99: 57–78
Green J. D., Shiel R. J. (2000) Mobiline peritrich riders on Australian calanoid copepods. Hydrobiologia 437: 203–212
Grimes B. H., Bradbury P. C. (1992) The biology of Vampyrophrya pelagica (Chatton and Lwoff, 1930), a histophagous apostome ciliate associated with marine calanoid copepods. J. Protozool. 39: 65–79
Guillou L., Viprey M., Chambouvet A., Welsh R. M., Kirkham A. R., Massana R., Scanlan D. J., Worden A. Z. (2008) Widespread occurrence and genetic diversity of marine parasitoids belonging to Syndiniales (Alveolata). Environ. Microbiol. 10: 3349–3365
Hansen B., Bjørnsen P. K., Hansen P. J. (1994) The size ratio between planktonic predators and their prey. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39: 395–403
Harada A., Ohtsuka S., Horiguchi T. (2007) Species of the parasitic genus Duboscquella are members of the enigmatic Marine Alveolate Group I. Protist 158: 337–347
Hiromi J., Kadota S., Takano H. (1985) Infestation of marine copepods with epizoic diatoms. Bull. Mar. Sci. 37: 766–766
Hollande A. (1974) Etude comparée de la mitose syndinienne et de celle des péridiniens libres et des hypermastigines. Infrastructure et cycle évolutif des Syndinides parasites de radiolaires. Protistologica 10: 413–451
Hollande A., Cachon J. (1952) Un parasite des oeufs de sardine: l’Ichthyodinium chabelardi, nov. gen., nov. sp. (Péridinien parasite). C. R. Acad. Sci. 235: 976–977
Hollande A., Enjumet M., Manciet J. (1953) Les péridiniens parasites des Phæodariés et le problème de la sporogénèse chez ces Radiolaires. C. R. Acad. Sci. 236: 1607–1609
Hollande A., Enjumet M. (1955) Parasites et cycle évolutif des radiolaires et des acanthaires. Bull. Trav. Stat. Aquic. Pêche Castiglione 7: 151–176
Hoppenrath M., Leander B. S. (2009) Molecular phylogeny of Parvilucifera prorocentri (Alveolata, Myzozoa): Insights into perkinsid character evolution. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 56: 251–256
Hovasse R. (1924) Trypanoplasma sagittae, sp. nov. C. R. Soc. Biol. 91: 1254–1255
Hovasse R., Brown E. M. (1953) Contribution a la connaissance des radiolaires et de leurs parasites syndiniens. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. 11: 405–436
Ianora A., Mazzocchi M., Scotto di Carlo B. (1987) Impact of parasitism and intersexuality on Mediterranean populations of Paracalanus parvus (Copepoda: Calanoida). Dis. Aquat. Org. 3: 29–36
Ikeda I. (1917) A new astomatous ciliate, Metaphrya sagittae, gen. et sp. nov., found in the coelom of Sagitta. Annot. Zool. Japanese 9: 317–324
Jepps M. W. (1937) On the protozoan parasites of Calanus finmarchicus in the Clyde Sea area. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 79: 589–658
Kagami M., de Bruin A., Ibelings B. W., Van Donk E. (2007) Parasitic chytrids: their effects on phytoplankton communities and food-web dynamics. Hydrobiologia 578: 113–129
Kim S., Park M. G., Kim K. Y., Kim C. H., Yih W., Park J. S., Coats D. W. (2008) Genetic diversity of parasitic dinoflagellates in the genus Amoebophrya and its relationship to parasite biology and biogeography. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 55: 1–8
Kimmerer W. J., McKinnon A. D. (1990) High mortality in a copepod population caused by a parasitic dinoflagellate. Mar. Biol. 107: 449–452
Kuris A. M., Hechinger R. F., Shaw J. C., Whitney K. L., Aguirre-Macedo L., Boch C. A., Dobson A. P., Dunham E. J., Fredensborg B. L., Huspeni T. C., Lorda J., Mababa L., Mancini F. T., Mora A. B., Pickering M., Talhouk N. L., Torchin M. E., Lafferty K. D. (2008) Ecosystem energetic implications of parasite and free-living biomass in three estuaries. Nature 454: 515–518
Kühn S. F. (1997a) Rhizamoeba schnepfii sp. nov., a naked amoeba feeding on marine diatoms (North Sea, German Bight). Arch. Protistenkd. 147: 277–282
Kühn S. F. (1997b) Victoriniella multiformis, gen. et spec. nov. (incerta sedis), a polymorphic parasitoid protist infecting the marine diatom Coscinodiscus wailesii Gran & Angst (North Sea, German Bight). Arch. Protistenkd. 148: 115–123
Kühn S. F. (1998) Infection of Coscinodiscus spp. by the parasitoid nanoflagellate Pirsonia diadema: II. Selective infection behaviour for host species and individual host cells. J. Plankton Res. 20: 443–454
Kühn S. F., Drebes G., Schnepf E. (1996) Five new species of the nanoflagellate Pirsonia in the German Bight, North Sea, feeding on planktic diatoms. Helgoländer Meeresunters. 50: 205–222
Lafferty K. D., Allesina S., Arim M., Briggs C. J., De Leo G., Dobson A. P., Dunne J. A., Johnson P. T. J., Kuris A. M., Marcogliese D. J., Martinez N. D., Memmott J., Marquet P. A., McLaughlin J. P., Mordecai E. A., Pascual M., Poulin R., Thieltges D. W. (2008) Parasites in food webs: the ultimate missing links. Ecol. Lett. 11: 533–546
Lefèvre E., Roussel B., Amblard C., Sime-Ngando T. (2008) The molecular diversity of freshwater picoeukaryotes reveals high occurrence of putative parasitoids in the plankton. PLoS ONE 3: e2324
Leuckart R. (1861) Bericht über die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen in der Naturgeschichte der niederen Thiere während des Jahres 1859. 26: 103–264
Levine N. D. (1977) Revision and checklist of the species (other than Lecudina) of the aseptate gregarine family Lecudinidae. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 24: 41–52
López-García P., Rodríguez-Valera F., Pedrós-Alió C., Moreira D. (2001) Unexpected diversity of small eukaryotes in deep-sea Antarctic plankton. Nature 409: 603–607
Massana R., Castresana J., Balagué V., Guillou L., Romari K., Groisillier A., Valentin K., Pedrós-Alió C. (2004) Phylogenetic and ecological analysis of novel marine stramenopiles. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 3528–3534
McLean N., Nielsen C. (1989) Oodinium jordani n. sp., a dinoflagellate (Dinoflagellata, Oodinidae) ectoparasitic on Sagitta elegans (Chaetognatha). Dis. Aquat. Org. 7: 61–66
Meneses I., Vendrell C., Stratoudakis Y. (2003) Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) eggs parasitized by Ichthyodinium chabelardi in the north-east Atlantic: an overlooked source of mortality. J. Plankton Res. 25: 1177–1181
Michajłow W. (1972) Euglenoidina Parasitic in Copepoda. An Outline Monograph. PWN – Polish Scientific Publishers, Warszawa
Mills C. E., McLean N. (1991) Ectoparasitism by a dinoflagellate (Dinoflagellata, Oodinidae) on 5 ctenophores (Ctenophora) and a hydromedusa (Cnidaria). Dis. Aquat. Org. 10: 211–216
Moon-van der Staay S. Y., De Wachter R., Vaulot D. (2001) Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity. Nature 409: 607–610
Norén F., Moestrup Ø., Rehnstam-Holm A. S. (1999) Parvilucifera infectans Norén et Moestrup gen. et sp. nov. (Perkinsozoa phylum nov.): A parasitic flagellate capable of killing toxic microalgae. Eur. J. Protistol. 35: 233–254
Park M. G., Yih W., Coats D. W. (2004) Parasites and phytoplankton, with special emphasis on dinoflagellate infections. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 51: 145–155
Paulsen O. (1911) Marine plankton from the East-Greenland Sea. III. Peridiniales. Danm. Eksped. Grønlands Nordøstkyst 1906–1908 3: 303–318
Rasconi S., Niquil N., Sime-Ngando T. (2012) Phytoplankton chytridiomycosis: community structure and infectivity of fungal parasites in aquatic ecosystems. Environ. Microbiol. 14: 2151–2170
Rayner N. A., King E. M. (1986) First record of a freshwater calanoid Tropodiaptomus spectabilis (Kiefer, 1929) (Crustacea, Copepoda) as host of an ellobiopsid parasite. J. Plankton Res. 8: 837–840
Richards T. A., Bass D. (2005) Molecular screening of free-living microbial eukaryotes: diversity and distribution using a metaanalysis. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 8: 240–252
Rose M. (1933) Monocystis copiliae n. sp.; Grégarine parasite d’un Copepóde pelagique: Copilia vitrea, Haeckel. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afr. N. 24: 357–359
Rose M., Hamon M. (1950) Une nouvelle espèce de Trypanophis, T. sagittae, Hovasse 1924. Bull. Biol. Fr. Belg. 84: 101–115
Rose M., Cachon J. (1951) Diplomorpha paradoxa, n. g., n. sp. Protiste de l’ectoderme des siphonophore. C. R. Acad. Sci. 233: 451–452
Roy J., Faktorová D., Benada O., Lukeš J., Burger G. (2007) Description of Rhynchopus euleeides n. sp. (Diplonemea), a freeliving marine euglenozoan. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 54: 137–145
Saldarriaga J. F., Taylor F. J. R., Cavalier-Smith T., Menden-Deuer S., Keeling P. J. (2004) Molecular data and the evolutionary history of dinoflagellates. Eur. J. Protistol. 40: 85–111
Salomon P. S., Janson S., Granéli E. (2003) Multiple species of the dinophagous dinoflagellate genus Amoebophrya infect the same host species. Environ. Microbiol. 5: 1046–1052
Schnepf E., Deichgräber G., Drebes G. (1978) Development and ultrastructure of the marine, parasitic oomycete, Lagenisma coscinodisci Drebes (Lagenidiales): Formation of the primary zoospores and their release. Protoplasma 94: 263–280
Schnepf E., Drebes G., Elbrächter M. (1990) Pirsonia guinardiae, gen. et spec. nov.: A parasitic flagellate on the marine diatom Guinardia flaccida with an unusual mode of food uptake. Helgoländer Meeresunters. 44: 275–293
Schnepf E. (1994) Light and electron microscopical observations in Rhynchopus coscinodiscivorus spec. nov., a colorless, phagotrophic euglenozoon with concealed flagella. Arch. Protistenkd. 144: 63–74
Schnepf E., Kühn S. F., Bulman S. (2000) Phagomyxa bellerocheae sp. nov. and Phagomyxa odontellae sp. nov., Plasmodiophoromycetes feeding on marine diatoms. Helgol. Mar. Res. 54: 237–241
Schweikert M., Schnepf E. (1996) Pseudaphelidium drebesii, gen. et spec. nov. (incerta sedis), a parasite of the marine centric diatom Thalassiosira punctigera. Arch. Protistenkd. 147: 11–17
Sheldon R. W., Sutcliffe W. H., Paranjape M. A. (1977) Structure of pelagic food-chain and relationship between plankton and fish production. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34: 2344–2353
Siddall M. E., Reece K. S., Graves J. E., Burreson E. M. (1997) ‘Total evidence’ refutes the inclusion of Perkinsus species in the phylum Apicomplexa. Parasitology 115: 165–176
Skovgaard A. (2004) Tumour-like anomalies on copepods may be wounds from parasites. J. Plankton Res. 26: 1129–1131
Skovgaard A. (2005) Infection with the dinoflagellate parasite Blastodinium spp. in two Mediterranean copepods. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 38: 93–101
Skovgaard A., Massana R., Balagué V., Saiz E. (2005) Phylogenetic position of the copepod-infesting parasite Syndinium turbo (Dinoflagellata, Syndinea). Protist 156: 413–423
Skovgaard A., Saiz E. (2006) Seasonal occurrence and role of protistan parasites in coastal marine zooplankton. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 327: 37–49
Skovgaard A., Massana R., Saiz E. (2007) Parasitic species of the genus Blastodinium (Blastodiniphyceae) are peridinioid dinoflagellates. J. Phycol. 43: 553–560
Skovgaard A., Daugbjerg N. (2008) Identity and systematic position of Paradinium poucheti and other Paradinium-like parasites of marine copepods based on morphology and nuclear-encoded SSU rDNA. Protist 159: 401–413
Skovgaard A., Meneses I., Angélico M. M. (2009) Identifying the lethal fish egg parasite Ichthyodinium chabelardi as a member of Marine Alveolate Group I. Environ. Microbiol. 11: 2030–2041
Skovgaard A., Karpov S. A., Guillou L. (2012) The parasitic dinoflagellates Blastodinium spp. inhabiting the gut of marine, planktonic copepods: morphology, ecology and unrecognized species diversity. Front. Microbio. 3: 305
Sparrow F. K., Jr. (1960) Aquatic Phycomycetes. Univ. Michigan Press, Ann Arbor
Steele J. H. (1970) Marine Food Chains. University of California Press, Berkely, California
Suzuki N., Kurihara T., Matsuoka A. (2009) Sporogenesis of an extracellular cell chain from the spheroidal radiolarian host Haliommilla capillaceum (Haeckel), Polycystina, Protista. Mar. Micropaleontol. 72: 157–164
Takahashi K. T., Kobayashi M., Kawaguchi S., Saigusa J., Tanimura A., Fukuchi M., Naganobu M., Toda T. (2008) Circumpolar occurrence of eugregarinid protozoan Cephaloidophora pacifica associated with Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba. Antarct. Sci. 20: 437–440
Taylor F. J. R. (1968) Parasitism of the toxin-producing dinoflagellate Gonyaulax catenella by the endoparasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophrya ceratii. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 25: 2241–2245
Théodoridès J. (1989) Parasitology of marine zooplankton. Adv. Mar. Biol. 25: 117–177
Théodoridès J., Desportes I. (1972) Mise en évidence de nouveaux représentants de la famille des Ganymedidae Huxley, grégarines parasites de crustacés. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 274: 3251–3253
Tillmann U., Hesse K.-J., Tillmann A. (1999) Large-scale parasitic infection of diatoms in the Northfrisian Wadden Sea. J. Sea Res. 42: 255–261
Torgersen T., Karlsbakk E., Kaartvedt S. (2002) Deviating vertical distribution and increased conspicuousness of parasitized Calanus. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47: 1187–1191
Vader W. (1973) A bibliography of Ellobiopsidae, 1959–1971, with a list of Thalassomyces species and their hosts. Sarsia: 175–180
Wang G., Johnson Z. I. (2009) Impact of parasitic fungi on the diversity and functional ecology of marine phytoplankton. In: Marine Phytoplankton, (Eds. W. T. Kersey, S. P. Munger). Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY, 211–228
Weinstein M. (1973) Studies on the Relationship Between Sagitta elegans Verrill and its Endoparasites in the Southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence. PhD Thesis, McGill University, 202 pp
Windsor D. A. (1998) Controversies in parasitology. Most of the species on Earth are parasites. Int. J. Parasitol. 28: 1939–1941
Zuelzer M. (1927) Über Amoeba biddulphiae n. sp., eine in der marinen Diatomee Biddulphia sinensis Grev. Parasitierende Amöbe. Arch. Protistenkd. 57: 247–284
Information: Acta Protozoologica, 2014, Volume 53, Issue 1, pp. 51 - 62
Article type: Original article
Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Published at: 2014
Article status: Open
Licence: None
Percentage share of authors:
Article corrections:
-Publication languages:
EnglishView count: 4259
Number of downloads: 3047