Lidia Żakowska

Background. Initiatives to promote gender equality in STEM have been developed in Europe over a number of years. However, all specific programmes have proved to be insufficient to increase the number of women in science and in engineering.

Research aims. The main objective is to analyze the barriers that lead to gender inequity in the context of science and the academia, namely vertical and horizontal segregation (underrepresentation of women in STEM) and asymmetric gender culture in organisations (including structural barriers for women).

Methodology. In this paper location parameters of descriptive statistics, like median 1st and 3rd quartile and rate structure, were compared. Those simple parameters were used to show the scale of differences between males and females, especially in the context of salaries, and to highlight the dynamics of changes in time.

Key findings. The study revealed that there is no equity in salaries at all educational levels in Poland. There is also no equity in R&D personnel salaries and in number of engineering students and in higher level technical university personnel.

Conclusions. Urgent solutions and actions are needed to increase the equity balance in STEM in the context of salaries and careers development, in transportation engineering field.

Architectural design, as well as urban and transport planning in the Southern Cape of Africa is based, unlike in other African countries, on the European history of urbanism and architecture and on the European cultural and social roots. The very special place in the Southern African history belongs to the oldest city of the Cape region, Stellenbosch. The unique character of Stellenbosch city urban plan and architecture is an effect of over three centuries of the European settlement in the fruitful valley departed from the continent with high mountains. Now the traditions and heritage of the white culture are kept and the monuments of architecture are restored in the whole Stellenbosch valley, in line with building a new democracy and with a dynamic regional development. This paper presents a wide scope of spatial development in Stellenbosch area in relation to regional history, culture, geography, environment and transportation, sociology as well as safety of infrastructure users.