Jan A. Wendt

The work deals with the changes in the railway network in Romania in the years 1990-2020. As in other countries, it is characterized by regress, but to a lesser extent than in the countries of the region. The aim of the study is to indicate the size of the changes taking place in terms of four spatial levels: country, macroregions, development regions and Romanian counties. Another goal of the analysis undertaken is to assess changes in the quality of the railway network in the analyzed period. Two research hypotheses were put forward, the first one with a small impact of the EU funds on the development of the rail network, the second about the lack of impact of EU funding on changes in the quality of rail transport in Romania. In the research and data analysis, the official Romanian statistical databases on changes in the length of railway lines in individual spatial ranges for the analyzed period were used, as well as data from the „Ranking railroad, The Global economy” portal to assess quality changes in rail transport. Statistical methods and rankings were used in the analysis. The method of comparisons with other countries in the region was used to assess the quality changes. In the study, the literature on the subject was widely used, both concerning the studied country and other countries in the regions of Central Europe and the Balkans. The thesis about the low impact of EU funds on changes in the railway network, which has been positively verified, has been verified. The result of the study is an indication of a much smaller regress in rail transport in Romania than in other countries of the region. The greatest increase in the length of railway lines took place in the eastern regions of the country and in border counties, especially on the border with Hungary. In the analyzed period of time, the quality in rail transport did not improve significantly in practice.

Keywords: infrastructure, quality, railway network, regress, Romania

Zmiany w sieci kolejowej w Rumunii przed i po akcesji do UE (1990-2020)

W pracy podjęto tematykę zmian w sieci kolejowej w Rumunii w latach 1990-2020. Podobnie jak w innych krajach cechuje ją regres, jednak w mniejszym stopniu niż w innych krajach regionu. Celem pracy jest wskazanie wielkości zachodzących zmian w ujęciu czterech poziomów przestrzennych: kraju, makroregionów, regionów rozwoju oraz rumuńskich województw. Kolejnym celem podjętej analizy jest ocena zmian jakości sieci kolejowej w badanym okresie. Postawiono dwie hipotezy badawcze – pierwszą o niewielkim wpływie funduszy UE na rozwój sieci kolejowej, drugą o braku wpływu finansowania z UE na zmiany jakości w transporcie kolejowym w Rumunii. W badaniach i analizie danych wykorzystano oficjalne, rumuńskie bazy statystyczne w zakresie zmian długości linii kolejowych w poszczególnych zakresach przestrzennych dla badanego okresu oraz dane z portalu „Ranking railroad, The Global economy” do oceny zmian jakości w transporcie kolejowym. W analizie zastosowano metody statystyczne i rankingi. Dla oceny zmian jakości wykorzystano metodę porównań z innymi krajami regionu. W pracy wykorzystano w szerokim zakresie literaturę przedmiotu, zarówno dotycząca badanego kraju jak i innych państw w regionach Europie Środkowej i Bałkanów. Podjęto weryfikację tezy o niewielkim wpływie funduszy UE na zmiany w sieci kolejowej, która została pozytywnie zweryfikowana. Wynikiem pracy jest wskazanie na zdecydowanie mniejszy regres w transporcie kolejowym w Rumunii, niż miał miejsce w innych krajach regionu. Największy wzrost długości linii kolejowych odnotowano we wschodnich regionach kraju oraz województwach przygranicznych, zwłaszcza na granicy z Węgrami. W analizowanym okresie jakość w transporcie kolejowym w praktyce nie uległa znaczącemu polepszeniu.

The development of outbound tourism from Poland to Turkey after 2010 can be divided into three periods. The first one is connected with a stable increase in the number of departures. The second period includes the growth in the number of trips which served as a replacement for vacations in Greece, Egypt or Tunisia. The last period started in 2014, when the number of visitors rapidly declined as the result of terrorist attacks and the military coup in Turkey. Due to concerns about the security after numerous terrorist attacks, the traditional destinations of Polish tourism such as France and Morocco lost their popularity. There was the inexorable decline in trust toward countries such as Egypt and in particular Turkey, where the numbers of tourists fell by 63% after the terrorist attacks and military coup. In first half of 2015 we have about 209.2 thous. Polish tourists in Turkey, and in 2016, the same time, only 82.7 thous. what gives decrease of nearly 60.5%. Undoubtedly, the tightening of internal policies after the unsuccessful military coup will deepen the decline in interest in Turkey by Polish visitors.