<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="en"
    xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
    xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
    <processing-meta tagset-family="jats" base-tagset="publishing" mathml-version="2.0" table-model="xhtml"/>
    <front>
                        
                        <journal-meta>
            <issn>2081-4488</issn>
                                </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <title-group>
                                    <article-title>Participation and Voting Behavior of Poles Abroad in Home Country Elections. Th e Case of Poles in the US and Canada in Comparative Perspective</article-title>
                            </title-group>

                        <contrib-group>
                                                            <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
                            <name>
                                <surname>Lesińska</surname>
                                <given-names>Magdalena</given-names>
                            </name>
                            <role>author</role>
                                                                                                                                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                                                                                        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor-1"/>
                        </contrib>
                                                </contrib-group>

                                                                                        <aff id="aff-1">
                    <institution-wrap>
                        <institution>Ośrodek Badań nad Migracjami, Uniwersytet Warszawski</institution>
                                            </institution-wrap>
                </aff>
                            
            <author-notes>
                                    <corresp id="cor-1">Correspondence to: Magdalena Lesińska <email>m.lesinska@uw.edu.pl</email></corresp>
                            </author-notes>

                            <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2018-12-20">
                    <day>20</day>
                    <month>12</month>
                    <year>2018</year>
                </pub-date>
            
            <volume>Nr 4 (170)</volume>
            <issue>2018 (XLIV)</issue>
                        <fpage>97</fpage>
                                    <lpage>117</lpage>
            
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2018</copyright-statement>
                                    <copyright-year>2018</copyright-year>
                            </permissions>

            <funding-group specific-use="Crossref">
                <funding-statement></funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <body>
        &lt;p&gt;The article offers an analysis of an important aspect of trans-national politics: the electoral participation of Polish citizens abroad in the national elections in Poland. The author presents a comparative analysis of the data regarding the elections (both parliamentary and presidential) that took place in Poland in the last two decades (1990–2015), together with major trends, distribution of votes and their possible impact on general election results. The analysis reveals interesting dynamics of electoral mobilization of Polish emigrants, points out possible factors contributing to the level of electoral participation and shows political preferences of Polish voters in the US and Canada in comparative perspective.&lt;/p&gt;
    </body>
    <back>
                    <ref-list>
                                                                                <ref id="B1">
                            <label>1</label>
                            <article-title>Ahmadov A.K., Sasse G. (2015), Migrants’ Regional Allegiances in Homeland Elections: Evidence on Voting by Poles and Ukrainians, “Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies” vol. 41, issue 11, pp.1769–1793.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B2">
                            <label>2</label>
                            <article-title>Babiński G. (2009), Polonia w USA: na tle przemian amerykańskiej etniczności, Kraków: Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B3">
                            <label>3</label>
                            <article-title>Bauböck, R. (2007), Stakeholder Citizenship and Transnational Political Participation: a Normative Evaluation of External Voting, “Fordham Law Review” no 75, pp. 2393–2447.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B4">
                            <label>4</label>
                            <article-title>Blejwas, S. (1988), Nowa i stara Polonia: napięcia w społeczności etnicznej, in: Kubiak, H., Kusielewicz, E., Gromada T. (ed.), Polonia amerykańska. Przyszłość i współczesność, Wrocław: Ossolineum, pp. 705–726.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B5">
                            <label>5</label>
                            <article-title>Boccagni P. (2011), Reminiscences, Patriotism, Participation: Approaching External Voting in Ecuadorian Immigration to Italy, “International Migration” 49 (3), pp. 76–89.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B6">
                            <label>6</label>
                            <article-title>Ciornei I., Østergaard Nielsen E. (2015), Emigration and Turnout. Determinants of Non-resident Citizen Electoral Mobilization in Home Country Legislative Elections. [paper presented at the Congress of Association Française de Science Politique (AFSP) 22–24.06.2015, www.congres-afsp.fr/st/st5/st5ciorneiostergaard.pdf, [Accessed: 16.05.2018].</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B7">
                            <label>7</label>
                            <article-title>Collyer M. (2014), Inside out? Directly Elected ‘special representation’ of Emigrants in National Legislatures and the Role of Popular Sovereignty. “Political Geography”, no 41 [Accessed: 5.04.2018].</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B8">
                            <label>8</label>
                            <article-title>Ellis A. et al. (2007), Voting from abroad. The International IDEA Handbook. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, the Federal Electoral Institute of Mexico, https://www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/voting-abroad-international-idea-handbook [Accessed: 12.04.2018].</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B9">
                            <label>9</label>
                            <article-title>Fiń A. (2014), Współczesna polska emigracja w Stanach Zjednoczonych: skala, rozmieszczenie przestrzenne, przyczyny wyjazdów, “Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny”, nr 2,pp. 105–130.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B10">
                            <label>10</label>
                            <article-title>Garapich M. (2007), Odyssean Refugees, Migrants and Power – Construction of ‘Other’ within the Polish ‘Community’ in the UK, in: Reed-Danahay D., Brettell C. (ed.), Immigration and Citizenship in Europe and the U.S. Anthropological Perspectives, New Jersey: Rutgers.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B11">
                            <label>11</label>
                            <article-title>GUS (2017), Informacja o rozmiarach i kierunkach czasowej emigracji z Polski w latach 2004 – 2016. Warsaw, https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/migracje-zagraniczne-ludnosci/informacja-o-rozmiarach-i-kierunkach-emigracji-z-polski-w-latach-20042016,2,10.html [Accessed: 16.05.2018].</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B12">
                            <label>12</label>
                            <article-title>Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann A.D. (2004), The Exile Mission: The Polish Political Diaspora and Polish Americans, 1939–1956. Athens: Ohio University Press.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B13">
                            <label>13</label>
                            <article-title>Jaulin T. (2015). The Geography of External Voting: The 2011 Tunisian Election Abroad. “TSI Working Paper”, no 1. Online: http://seminars.wcfia.harvard.edu/tsi/working-papers [Accessed: 16.05.2018].</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B14">
                            <label>14</label>
                            <article-title>Kasprzyk K.W. (2013), Diaspora polska w USA wczoraj i dziś, in: red. Głuszyńska I., Lankosz K., Państwo polskie wobec Polaków w diasporze, Bielsko-Biała: Wyższa Szkoła Administracji.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B15">
                            <label>15</label>
                            <article-title>Korzec P., Pudzianowska D. (2013), Access to Electoral Rights Poland. EUDO Citizenship Observatory, http://eudo-citizenship.eu/admin/?p=file&amp;amp;appl=countryProfiles&amp;amp;f=1317-Poland-FRACIT.pdf [Accessed: 14.04.2018].</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B16">
                            <label>16</label>
                            <article-title>Lafl eur, J. M. (2013), Transnational Politics and the State: The External Voting Rights of Diasporas. New York: Routledge.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B17">
                            <label>17</label>
                            <article-title>Lafl eur J.M., Sanchez-Dominguez M. (2015). The Political Choices of Emigrants Voting in Home Country Elections: A Socio-political Analysis of the Electoral Behavior of Bolivian External Voters. “Migration Studies”, no 3(2).</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B18">
                            <label>18</label>
                            <article-title>Lesińska M. (2014a), Reproducing Socio-political Cleavages. The Case of Electoral Mobilisation of the Polish Diaspora, in: Benalbaz C., Flavier H., Gille-Belova O, Jones M. (ed.). Les Migrations Intraeuropéennes à l’aube du XXI siécle. Editions A. Pédone: Paris.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B19">
                            <label>19</label>
                            <article-title>Lesińska M. (2014b), Udział obywateli przebywających za granicą w wyborach krajowych. Analiza rozwiązań prawnych i organizacji wyborów w Polsce na tle innych krajów, “CMR Working Paper”, nr 78 (136). Warsaw: Centre of Migration Research, http://www.migracje.uw.edu.pl/publication_type/publikacje-cmr/ [Accessed: 28.04.2018].</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B20">
                            <label>20</label>
                            <article-title>Lesińska M. (2016a), Czas przełomu, czas podziałów – polska emigracja a wybory 1989 roku, “Studia Polityczne”, nr 3 (43).</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B21">
                            <label>21</label>
                            <article-title>Lesińska M. (2016b), Upolitycznienie emigracji i diaspory. Analiza dyskursu politycznego w Polsce w latach 1991–2015, “Studia Migracyjne-Przegląd Polonijny”, nr 3.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B22">
                            <label>22</label>
                            <article-title>MSZ (2015), Rządowy program współpracy z Polonią i Polakami za granicą w latach 2015–2020. Warsaw: Ministry of Foreign Aff airs.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B23">
                            <label>23</label>
                            <article-title>Østergaard-Nielsen, E. (2003), International Migration and Sending Countries: Key Issues and Themes, in: Østergaard-Nielsen, E. (ed.) International Migration and Sending Countries: Perceptions, Policies and Transnational Relations, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 3–30.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B24">
                            <label>24</label>
                            <article-title>PKW archive (State Election Commission archive), https://pkw.gov.pl/352_Wybory_i_referenda [Accessed: 3–15.04.2018].</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B25">
                            <label>25</label>
                            <article-title>Pienkos, D. E. (1991), For Your Freedom Through Ours: Polish American Eff orts on Poland’s Behalf, 1863–1991, New York: Boulder.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B26">
                            <label>26</label>
                            <article-title>Reczyńska A., Soroka T. (2013), Polska emigracja do Kanady na przełomie wieków XX i XXI w kontekście kanadyjskiej polityki imigracyjnej, „Studia Migracyjne-Przegląd Polonijny”, nr 3, pp. 5–19.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B27">
                            <label>27</label>
                            <article-title>Statistics Canada (2016), https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/subjects/ethnic_diversity_and_immigration/citizenship [Accessed: 12.05.2018].</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B28">
                            <label>28</label>
                            <article-title>Sześciło D. (2007), Skąd się wzięły kolejki Polaków za granicą 21 października – jak uniknąć błędów w przyszłości? Warszawa: Forum Obywatelskiego Rozwoju, Helsińska Fundacja Praw Człowieka.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B29">
                            <label>29</label>
                            <article-title>US Census Bureau, https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/2018/europe-day.html [Accessed: 12.05.2018].</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B30">
                            <label>30</label>
                            <article-title>Walaszek, A. (red.) (2001), Polska diaspora. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B31">
                            <label>31</label>
                            <article-title>Waldinger R., Soehl T., Lim N. (2012), Emigrants and the Body Politic Left Behind: Results from the Latino National Survey, “Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies”, no 38(5), pp. 711–736.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B32">
                            <label>32</label>
                            <article-title>Wojdon J. (2008), “W jedności siła!” Kongres Polonii Amerykańskiej w latach 1968–1988, Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                                                                    <ref id="B33">
                            <label>33</label>
                            <article-title>Znaniecka Lopata H. (1994), Polish Americans, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.</article-title>
                        </ref>
                                                </ref-list>
            </back>
</article>
